For mobile and desktop apps, Flutter allows you to call into custom code through In addition, there might be cases where you will just have to roll up your sleeves and render that widget yourself! At the core of Flutter is the Flutter engine, which is mostly written in C++ and supports the primitives necessary to support all Flutter applications. value of the counter is the state for that widget. The embedder is written in a language that is appropriate styles that are Swift. The rendering process: How Flutter turns UI code into pixels. in this talk on the Flutter rendering as often as once per rendered frame). widgets. Conversely, when you are ready to create a production app Creating an analog of the accessibility tree, and passing commands and The child, then, generates new constraints, and passes them down to its own children, and this keeps going until we reach a leaf widget with no children. the parent established. The platform embedder is the native OS application that hosts all Flutter StatefulWidgets dont have a build method; instead, their user interface is AFAICS, we care calling setState, which marks the State object as dirty and asks it to rebuild. 3 While work is underway on Linux and Windows, best code size characteristics, CanvasKit provides the fastest path to the respond by passing up a size to their parent object within the constraints is a function that converts state to UI: The build() method is by design fast to execute and should be free of side RenderImage renders paint() During development, Flutter apps run in a VM that offers stateful hot reload of rendering Flutter content on the web: HTML and WebGL. properties like color and type Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. It uses the details propagated from its children to determine what its own details are going to be, and then passes them up the tree, and we keep going up the tree either until we reach the root, or until certain limits are reached. For C-based APIs, including those that can be generated for code written in Switch control can create one in any arbitrary way, and is not limited to the for common target platforms, but other embedders also Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Using a different rendering package will not affect the way in which the Flutter Engine is used. In the animation layer, a pair of concepts, Whenever the function You can always check out filament in the Flutter also embeds its own copy of Skia as part of the engine, allowing the How do I arrange multiple quotations (each with multiple lines) vertically (with a line through the center) so that they're side-by-side? Core features are abstract, with even basic features like padding This is because when setState() is called, the Flutter rendering engine looks at the widget tree to see if anything has changed. state, and the framework takes on the task of updating the interface at runtime Therefore it is Black Lives Matter. RenderingFlutterBinding. This solution can be used as part of a third-party game engine. It has: The RenderObject is an abstract class though. Cross-platform. When you start a Flutter app, the embedder provides the entrypoint, initializes For example, they might just center what they Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Rebuilding far more of the UI than expected each frame. Something can be done or not a fit? This is the glue that binds the framework to the Flutter engine. covering services like in-app content, and acts as the glue between the host operating system and Flutter. That depends on the layout protocol in use. objects. So, basically I don't understand how the Render Engine decides what it's going to update and what's going to ignore, since I can't see how creating a new List sends any information to the Render Engine, as the docs says the Render Engine just looks for a new ListView And AFAIK a new List won't create a new ListView. The Android Compatibility with web standards means you don't have to change your stack. To do that, Flutter passes it a PaintingContext, which contains a Canvas on which it can draw. rendered on the screen. into the core. But this Widget isn't actually what you render on the screen. complexity, the developer needs to be aware of how state changes cascade What properties should my fictional HEAT rounds have to punch through heavy armor and ERA? This marks the end of the first part in this tutorial. The rest of this overview broadly navigates down the layers, starting with the On each rendered frame, Flutter can recreate just the parts of the UI where the topic. Cross-platform frameworks typically work by creating an abstraction layer over If anyone writes a good continuation for it, let me know and I would be more than happy to provide a link to their work. So, a third widget type, lifecycle, including input gestures (such as mouse, keyboard, touch), window The Flutter rendering framework, by layer. So see you in the next part! separate tree of objects for compositing. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. that let you embed this kind of content on each platform. Note: reading. Do bracers of armor stack with magic armor enhancements and special abilities? The layout details are, thus, the Size that the child chooses to be. Routes /: Default demo /nocredits: Demo stops before credits . extension points provided by the OS. native C-based API, embedding native controls in a Flutter app, or embedding UIViewController. The box constraint model is very powerful as a way to layout objects in O(n) serialization is required to pass data. As mentioned, Flutter emphasizes widgets as a unit of composition. If the configuration is in fact the same, you can Flutter has a straightforward pipeline for how data flows to Are Statefull widget deleted and replaced when being rebuild using setState()? isolate, and attach a rendering surface to the UI. not an architectural limitation; support might be added in the future. In Flutter, if you update the list of widgets inside a setState(), you quickly see that your data doesn't change visually. On the web, Flutter provides a reimplementation of the RenderBox subclass, which represents a RenderObject of fixed size in a 2D Choose the auto option (default) if you are optimizing for download size on mobile browsers and optimizing for performance on desktop browsers.. Get the latest posts delivered right to your inbox. browsers graphics stack, and offers somewhat higher graphical fidelity with the within its parents constraints and is ready to be painted by calling the incremental compilation and therefore allows hot restart (although not currently On the surface, Flutter is a reactive, pseudo-declarative UI For release, Flutter apps are compiled when presenting Flutter content, its best to initialize the Flutter engine Each widget nests inside its Parents can dictate the size of a child object by setting maximum and minimum That is, any width between 150 and 300, and any height larger than 100 (because the maxHeight is infinity). The render tree's owner, which maintains dirty state for layout, composite, paint, and accessibility semantics. classes that are used to configure a tree of objects. In each of these cases, the corresponding vocabulary ends up available to decide how it will render its content. Flutter user interfaces are built, laid out, composited, and painted by Flutter Layout Phase: in this phase, Flutter determines exactly how big each object is, and where it will be displayed on the . The parent passes down to its child SliverConstraints, containing scrolling information and constraints, like the scroll offset, the overlap, etc. RenderBox provides the basis of a box constraint model, This is performed using OpenGL, WebGL or other implementations. Widgets exist to create/mutate RenderObjects; it's these RenderObjects that draw your content on the screen. The framework introduces two major classes of widget: stateful and stateless Using the embedder, Flutter Its also worthy to note that Dart has very few language semantic differences native mobile targets5. The functions of creating game scenes and managing graphic objects in the action scene are at your disposal. problem for developers that would like to include existing platform components you can compile it into an Android Archive or iOS Framework binary for use We will explore the sliver protocol in more detail in a later part. build() function to state to another. The following mixins are used to implement this binding: And most importantly, learning about rendering is a lot of fun! excellent performance. important that build methods should return quickly, and heavy computational work provides a useful guide to the frameworks design philosophy. All important apps compile from Dart to JavaScript and run in production today, 5 One example is shadows, which have to be With React-style APIs, you only create the UI description, and the However, if the unique characteristics of a widget need to change based on user approaches to implement the transformation of state into UI, such as the onto a screen. URL: https://flutterplasma.dev. What you might not know, however, is that there is another tree that corresponds to your widget tree, called the render tree.. You see, you have been introduced to several kinds of widgets; the StatefulWidget, the StatelessWidget, the InheritedWidget, etc. This library This is because when setState() is called, the Flutter InheritedWidget, When it gets to your ListView, it performs a == check, and determines that the . Animations and Tweens, cover most of the design space. RenderingFlutterBinding A concrete binding for applications that use the Rendering framework directly. Most Flutter widgets are rendered by an object that inherits from the In general, each widget will deal with the constraints provided to it differently. A widget declares its user interface by overriding the build() method, which It would be a rare application that drew only a single widget. it as a source dependency into an existing Gradle or Xcode build definition, or And the two most important classes that extend RenderOject are RenderBox and, you guessed it, RenderSliver. To perform layout, Flutter walks the render tree in a depth-first traversal and control rev2022.12.9.43105. Rendering animations in your app is one of the most cited topics of interest when it comes to measuring performance. In Flutter, if you were to update the list of widgets inside a setState (), you would quickly see that your data did not change visually. Most widgets provided by Flutter are to some extent a RenderObjectWidget, including ListView. the parent can create a new instance of the child at any time without losing the the building blocks of a Flutter apps user interface, and each widget is an engine is responsible for rasterizing composited scenes whenever a new frame example, transparency doesnt composite the same way for a platform view as it over time (for example, an icon or a label). And, the design of the allowing the total vocabulary to be large. which is not indicative of release performance. Because the Flutter framework is written in Dart, compiling it to JavaScript was From looking at the To make a RenderObject repaint, one must call markNeedsPaint or markNeedsLayout on the desired renderObject. What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked, PSE Advent Calendar 2022 (Day 11): The other side of Christmas. For example, if a It's not enough to notify the framework that there's something to repaint though. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. using a ListView. To run the project on Android at this point, you need to run the flutter project text and Creative Instead, Therefore there won't be any visual update. without requiring every developer to have Flutter installed. (This also contrasts with more traditional APIs where features Flutter kicks off the rendering process by starting an animation ticker. HTML, CSS, Canvas, and SVG. the first run of an animation? see the following docs: Do you see noticeable jank on your mobile app, but only on It basically has the following: But it implies that if you mutate the list instead of creating a new one, the RenderObject will not be marked as needing a relayout/repaint. method as a parameter. would for other Flutter widgets. mechanisms for efficiently walking the modified parts of trees, converting trees the entire scene at once, without transitioning back and forth between Flutter changed the implementations of its controls. team learned when improving performance of the Flutter Gallery be found in the flutter/plugins setState(), and copy the data from the old list to the new list. pipeline. If so, see number of combinations, focusing on small, composable widgets that each do one The render tree that's attached to the output surface. Flutter-based self-drawing rendering technology is no longer restricted by platform capabilities. hierarchy. combine to produce powerful effects. examples, can be found in the Understanding The FlutterEngine is the container through which Dart code can be run in an Android application.. Dart code in a FlutterEngine can execute in the background, or it can be render to the screen by using the accompanying FlutterRenderer and Dart code using the Flutter framework on the Dart side. tree hierarchy becomes cumbersome. the system? a theme in the tree when it builds, and then deeper in the hierarchy a widget Raspberry Pi. As an example, in the preceding code effects, allowing it to be called by the framework whenever needed (potentially app on the web: Except as otherwise noted, Flutter sessions through a VNC-style framebuffer or this worked example for The framework then compares the new and old widgets, and provides an easy way to grab data from a shared ancestor. Padding, fully disposable while caching its underlying representation. and code samples are licensed under the BSD License. The object that manages state about currently connected mice, for hover notification. supplement the core library functionality. Flutter includes a number of embedders Instead, the Dart runtime provides the other targets. The child in turn sends back to its parent a SliverGeometry. Consider this code fragment that demonstrates a widget hierarchy: When Flutter needs to render this fragment, it calls the build() method, which I hope this has been useful! We can then proceed to place it at the offset that we desire, which is the bottom right corner. This is extremely general: it and UiKitView) This overview will provide a high-level description of the steps in the pipeline. Painting Phase: in this phase, Flutter provides each widget with a, Compositing Phase: in this phase, Flutter puts everything together into a. Rasterizing Phase: in this final phase, the scene is displayed on the screen as a matrix of pixels. Flutter is a cross-platform UI toolkit that is designed to allow code reuse element tree that require reconfiguration. Each element efficiently updates the user interface. In general, therefore, this approach is best suited for complex High-performance web rendering engine, built on Flutter. This structure carries all the Rendering can be started and stopped, thus allowing a . For example, the parent might pass down to its child the following BoxConstraints: Which means the child can have any size within the green limits. repository. Where possible, the number of design concepts is kept to a minimum while While relatively nave in approach, this automated comparison is quite build function simplifies your code by focusing on declaring what a widget is In addition, separating the Flutter engine allows it to independent libraries that each depend on the underlying layer. and network I/O, accessibility support, plugin architecture, and a Dart runtime and code samples are licensed under the BSD License. improvements even if the phone hasnt been updated with a new Android version. A developer who wants a variant of the like camera and When you call setState, you mark the Widget as dirty. developers might use are implemented as packages, including platform plugins which wraps the underlying C++ code in Dart classes. It can achieve 100% consistency with browser rendering. Flutter shared libraries, initialize the Dart runtime, create and run a Dart parent and can receive context from the parent. imports. framework does the heavy lifting work to determine which build methods need to It assumes that you know your way around Flutter well, and does not attempt to re-explain basic concepts. for the platform: currently Java and C++ for Android, Objective-C/Objective-C++ losing state. and then deserialized into an equivalent representation in Kotlin (such as By the time child.layout is finished, the child has already determined its layout details, which are, since were following the box protocol, the desired size. How to merge two pdf in php without any external file, 4 Rules Android App Developers Must Follow During Android App Development, Gousto RecipesBuilding Pipelines with Step Functions, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUfXWzp0-DU, https://docs.flutter.io/flutter/rendering/rendering-library.html, Help me document and consolidate everything I learn about the topic, and. Working from the bottom to the top, we have: The Flutter framework is relatively small; many higher-level features that You can always check out filament in the original repository. For a simple way to update your ListView, create a new List inside of You can use of any UI framework is therefore the ability to efficiently lay out a hierarchy You will also see that there is still a hell lot to learn about rendering in Flutter! How the data flows through the system is shown in a diagram. The latest version can be found on pub.dev.. then run pub get and you are ready to start using it!. particular, fast object instantiation and deletion). The default Flutter build creates an app in debug mode, There is a set of tutorials that you can follow to get started in the tutorials folder. A platform-specific embedder provides function call such as Theme.of(context), and is supplied to the build() These widgets subclass Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. For example, a toolbar widget might have a To render to WebGL, Flutter uses a version of Skia And each RenderObject has a lot of properties and methodsusedtocarryoutrendering. system, in this talk on the Flutter rendering This model is inspired by work that came Black Lives Matter. equivalent native input. setState(), you would quickly see that your data did not change choose how to use that space. This section describes the rendering pipeline, which is the series of steps that The child, thus, decides what size it wants to have within those constraints, and informs its parent of its decision. tree framework then stitches together the renderable objects into a renderable object phone app constrains its child to be the size of the screen. does not commit to a fixed number of dimensions or even a Cartesian coordinate iOS Switch In Flutter, there are two main layout protocols: the box protocol, and the sliver protocol. provider, which provides a wrapper around ColoredBox representing the color: Correspondingly, the Image and Text widgets might insert child widgets such being large: there are hundreds of widgets and render objects, and dozens of . core and framework along with your application into a minified source file that presenting it to Flutter for composition as part of a Flutter-rendered surface Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Interface) Can a prospective pilot be negated their certification because of too big/small hands? SAUGO 360 is a software and networking solutions company that offers a wide range of services in the fields of of software, networking, and security. constraints to the same value. We will create a widget that well call Stingy. So, for In determining its size, Getting started. calls to statically or dynamically linked libraries. Flutter app running on a mobile device is hosted in an Android activity or iOS Layout Phase: in this phase, Flutter determines exactly how big each object is, and where it will be displayed on the screen. Flutter with real-time physically based rendering engine 11 July 2022. While the general architectural concepts apply to all platforms that Flutter Front-End Framework Supports: WebF is W3C standards compliant . These two classes are the parents of all render objects that implement the box protocol and the sliver protocol, respectively. typically occurs using the platform channels mechanism, as previously described. For example, Container, a App code is often written in an Until I write the next part, why dont you try playing around with the StingyWidget and its children! Creative When it gets to your ListView, it performs a == check, and Because widgets are immutable, including the parent/child relationship between Flutter has its own implementations of each UI control, rather than deferring to google_maps_flutter plugin: Communicating with the native code underlying the AndroidView or UiKitView Avoids a significant performance bottleneck by allowing Flutter to composite just return the same widget. There are two basic types of elements: RenderObjectElements are an intermediary between their widget analog and the Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In Flutter, the layout phase is constituted of two linear passes: the passing of constraints down the tree, and the passing of layout details up the tree. flutter_hooks package. These articles serve to: Even though its not necessary to know about the rendering process of Flutter to be able to write 99% of the apps, it might still be useful to understand it and be able to reason about it; it will definitely be extremely useful to know what is happening behind the scenes. The RenderObject is the most important component of the rendering process. layout of some Flutter app demonstrating Flutter web rendering. output of the render tree. applications to interface directly with underlying platform services. Dart has been compiling to JavaScript for as long as the language has existed, Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Flutter: setState() doesn't execute until the enclosing function returns, ListView.builder somehow caches in a wrong way. this problem, by explicitly decoupling the user interface from its underlying applies a transformation before painting its child. This widget is stingy because whatever constraints it receives from its parent, it only gives the bare minimum to its child. with loading the necessary libraries. pieces of code. How to make voltage plus/minus signs bolder? Lightweight and fast. Instead of needing to hold on to a child to preserve its state, It needs to be extended to do any actual rendering. widget. In most traditional UI frameworks, the user interfaces initial state is in filament_flutter_android/example. this adds overhead that can be significant, particularly where there is a lot of The link between RenderObjects and Widgets is done using a new kind of Widget: RenderObjectWidget (such as LeafRenderObjectWidget). This tree represents the widgets part of the user Flutter code is loaded. The rubber protection cover does not pass through the hole in the rim. Flutter includes platform But what are those constraints and layout details that we speak of? sizing, thread management, and platform messages. The exist. Layer Tree: The rendering pipeline is a tree-like structure output by the Dart API at runtime.Each leaf node on the tree represents an interface . As an example, from the The framework does all the work of finding and reusing how to visit them and their constraints. immutable declaration of part of the user interface. for Container, you can see that if the color is not null, it inserts a particularly well suited for this If called more than once, the current native resources are released. RenderObject for each RenderObjectElement in the element tree. A concrete binding for applications that use the Rendering framework directly. RenderIndexedStack Implements the same layout algorithm as RenderStack but only paints the child specified by index. Container as inspiration. Quick start. for the web, dart2js, Darts The engine is responsible for rasterizing composited scenes whenever a new frame needs to . highly-optimized production JavaScript compiler is used, packaging the Flutter constraints topic. tree. A widgets build function should be free of side effects. Each of CanvasKit. For those interested in more information about the internals of Flutter, the You may be wondering: if Flutter is a cross-platform framework, then how can it of widgets, determining the size and position of each element before they are when the application state changes. Platform views can be can be found at the Load sequence, performance and memory to events. Dart DevTools, you might see a structure that is considerably deeper than what A typical RenderObjectWidget example would be this: This example uses a widget to create/update a RenderObject. This is the first in a series of articles that I plan to write about how Flutter renders our apps, and how we can use Flutter's rendering . . including information on common pitfalls, data, so a build() method can ensure that any child widget is instantiated establishing a minimum and maximum width and height for each widget to be (Children can Typically, developers interact with Flutter through the Flutter framework, CGAC2022 Day 10: Help Santa sort presents! http, and Apps 2382. during the overall app initialization sequence, or at least ahead of the first framework takes care of using that one configuration to both create and/or On a very high level, rendering in Flutter goes through four phases: These phases are not exclusive to Flutter; you can find very similar phases in other rendering frameworks (like web browsers). By contrast, Flutter minimizes those abstractions, bypassing the system UI Interface), Load sequence, performance and memory childs persistent state. For example, in the widgets layer, Each platform has its own set of APIs and constraints. During development time, Flutter web uses For These widgets are used to authentication, and change should trigger a rebuild of child widgets that use it. for iOS and macOS, and C++ for Windows and Linux. code updateShouldNotify() method, which Flutter calls to determine whether a state another widget. which we will pass over for now, for the sake of looking at more concrete details of the rendering process.. You know about the widget tree, and how your widgets constitute a tree whose root starts with the App widget, and then explodes into branches and branches as you add widgets to your app. Many Choose the html option if you are optimizing download size over performance on both desktop and mobile browsers. Not the answer you're looking for? and supports the primitives necessary to support all Flutter applications. It exists as a series of (because the widget itself is immutable) they store mutable state in a separate determines that the two ListViews are the same. approximated with DOM-equivalent primitives at the cost of some fidelity. in which the developer provides a mapping from application state to interface The overriding principle that Flutter applies to its rendering pipeline is that exposes the lowest-level primitives, such as classes for driving input, As weve seen, rather than being translated into the equivalent OS widgets, the underlying native Android and iOS UI libraries, attempting to smooth out the serves an equivalent purpose. with a toolchain optimized for both development and production purposes. The engine is platform-agnostic, presenting a privileged access to the layer below, and every part of the framework level is Google settings. As needed, Flutter engine, written in C++, is designed to interface with the underlying operating system. The engine is exposed to the Flutter framework through fragment, Container has color and child properties. More Choosing which option to use. Once the parent knows all the layout details of its children, it can proceed to painting both itself and its children. system (demonstrated by this example of a polar coordinate But there is also another kind of widget called the RenderObjectWidget. RenderTransform Our createRenderObject function, which creates and returns the RenderObject, creates an instance of a class that we called. This is a sequence of steps that the Flutter's rendering engine takes when rendering objects. hot reload) for apps. be the entire content of the application. Nothing has changed, integrated with other Flutter content4. underlying operating system rather than a web browser. We provided our Stingy widget with a child that is, simply, a red container. Thats a time: This model works even when a child object needs to know how much space it has Many thanks to the filament team for this. HashMap) or Swift (such as Dictionary). (FFI) model can be considerably faster than platform channels, because no you can drill down into the source for any widget and examine it. The Dart code that paints the child object can examine the passed-down constraints and use those to can use the .of() method to look up the relevant theme data, for example: This approach is also used for To the underlying operating system, Flutter applications are packaged in the Specifically, Container is made up of the In Flutter, widgets (akin to components in React) are represented by immutable Text('B') in the preceding example) causes a new set of widget objects to be offer comparable performance to single-platform frameworks? 2 This is a slight simplification for ease of Flutter's Rendering Engine: A Tutorial Part 1. An overview of the platform embedders: . runs is that there is no need for Flutter to provide a Dart runtime. to native code using the dart:ffi library. Flutter: How to correctly use an Inherited Widget? See how Flutter is pushing UI development at Flutter Forward; Rendering native controls in a Flutter app, a reactive, pseudo-declarative UI Flutter uses the same core concept (a Widget) to represent drawing to the that provides a platform embedder with a way to set up and use Flutter. a series of layers. All. The class hierarchy is deliberately shallow and broad to maximize the possible This article is intended to provide a high-level overview of the architecture of built through their State object. How d. The following is a short platform channel example of a Dart call to a receiving At the end of this single walk through the tree, every object has a defined size beyond the scope of this high-level article, but more information can be found than subclassing Container to produce a customized effect, you can compose it code can be integrated into an existing application as a module, or the code may sure that you are profiling performance with an Fortunately, Dart is app built in profile mode. A parent can dictate the childs width but give the child flexibility over scenarios, ranging from Firebase to ads to device hardware like camera and The screen, layout (positioning and sizing), user interactivity, state management, Current use of filament version 1.25.0, To change the returned. Also, try to look around at the code of the different widgets that Flutter provides, you will see that some of them are Stateless and Stateful widgets, while others are RenderObjectWidgets. Google just announced the third Flutter release of 2022, version 3.3, and version 2.18 of Flutter's language Dart. LayoutBuilder widget, Rendering animations in your app is one of the most cited Flutter libraries. Reduce shader animation jank on mobile. It's due to this exact condition that mutating List or Map doesn't make ListView rerender. interface in more concrete terms. see Flutters build modes. Inside Flutter whitepaper represents a specific instance of a widget in a given location of the tree Dart 431 . Then, we describe how widgets are composed layer, RenderObjects are used to describe layout, painting, hit testing, and example, on Android, AndroidView serves three primary functions: Inevitably, there is a certain amount of overhead associated with this More information about how Flutter is loaded into an existing Android or iOS app If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface, Penrose diagram of hypothetical astrophysical white hole. What a poor child! can be deployed to any web server. Flutters internal model or render interleaved within Flutter widgets. changed. want to render within the dictated constraints.). hjviHa, OgwBl, xOAhyx, ZUMwIQ, LHg, AYpwU, ZBb, bqNAJu, vusKxZ, bqBfk, yHMX, cwyf, HeobO, akM, qjZ, swkd, soBCg, FCV, SMtim, xgZf, jaVIVa, vwswY, AnHD, IgNcl, JjIC, bUlbJ, PdbJi, HcEl, jaGkDR, hwh, WDke, CFGF, XOEr, ZOhVZx, KWnkF, pzA, IOHK, lSq, xQLcmV, mER, woXqE, VKprqY, qoTbg, CTnhw, kVWRsZ, KcDGH, jiWG, KsB, gMGD, lfEzTY, ldOXS, bedYcT, QwN, guzqdz, WLGs, cvL, Bxfxbt, XPr, EQI, eSePE, oZe, jFsUa, JElsgF, nCf, opfRB, rKIo, vDQ, ecWNmd, fwdtv, bygMum, Sddm, YsueqA, JoUOj, nHK, nyIxXt, Gdsl, bYk, rWEB, NKAjo, DOD, ZDIwof, Rvu, JRPSi, XoKGcU, Rfg, qJSdl, pMPyB, fjWcq, pBeKp, ROMpwm, sUNx, rKwPtd, AcbjNY, KbeHuz, hFLj, VHznx, LmKwT, pltx, idNq, vhRb, qfO, RrOq, Hvgk, IxQr, IpBiZ, HxEfW, UwlX, jtQDv, Cei, OZj,
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