Furthermore, according to Meyerhof (1931), Constantine had an assistant Arab monk nicknamed the Saracen who helped him in translating Arabic books. She is also a contributor to Book Riot and Food Riot, a media critic with the Pueblo PULP and a regular contributor to Femnista. To tackle the question of height, Muslim structural engineers had employed a variety of techniques, in addition to the pointed arch. Attaining Height Method 3: When shes not writing, you can find Kelly wandering around Paris, whether shes leading a tour (as a guide, she has been interviewed by BBC World News America and. However, this conflicts with orthodox islamic beliefs. Printed from Grove Art Online. The first Muslim adaptation and modification of the design of the arch occurred in the invention of the horseshoe type. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Additionally, it resolved the difficulty of achieving level crowns in the arches of the vault allowing the vault to become suitable for any ground plan. Pendentives are tapered structures that allow a circular base for a roundor elliptical dome to be placed on a square or rectangular room. This architectural tradition is predominantly found in two types of places: Muslim-majority countries and lands conquered by Muslims during the Middle Ages. Not only do the buildings themselves serve as centers for community and social. The term "Islamic architecture" refers to a style of architecture that originated in the 7th century as a way for Muslims to show their beliefs through design. Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. Islamic architecture is characterized by arches which are employed in all types of buildings from houses to mosques. 4. The horseshoe arch (also known as a keyhole arch) is associated with Moorish architecture. Symbolically, they lead into an inner space. Asian Arch A symbol of sainthood and holiness, the horseshoe arch provided a better advantage allowing more height then the classical (semi-circular) arch as well as better aesthetic and decorative use. -Introduced in the 8th century. Figure numbers refer to those in full article. Interior of the Blue Mosque (Photo: dade72 via Shutterstock). Receive our Weekly Newsletter. The first appearance of the pointed arch in the Muslim World was traced to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, but the Palace of Ukhaidir - Iraq remains the first building where the pointed arch was used constructively and systematically. International Center for Research & Development 550 views The main advantage of the pointed arch was that it concentrated the thrust of the vault on a narrow vertical line that could be supported by the flying buttresses, a major feature of Islamic architecture and also European Gothic architecture. Wall and column in . Save. Shah's Mosque (Masjid-i-Shah) Isfahan, Iran 1630 CE ++ Architects: Badi' al-Zaman Tuni and Ali Akbar al-Isfahani ++ (Badi Tuni and Ali Akbar) - barrel vaulted space open at one end. Sometimes these are also used as relieving arches up to a depth of 37.5cm, but these are constructed in one ring. They are often mounted onto front of doors of houses. Photo: Bjrn Christian Trrissen via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0. Horseshoe arch. Among these were artists, scholars and builders and architects who brought with them Muslim methods of building, forms and motifs including the horseshoe arch (Trend, 1931). Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. for the transfer of the pointed arch to Europe. The pointed arch features a rounded design with a tapered apex. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Evident in both entrances and interiors, Islamic arches are categorized into four main styles:pointed,ogee,horseshoe, and multifoil. Muslim Heritage:Send us your e-mail address to be informed about our work. These arches are found in many mosques throughout the Muslim world. Like many pioneeringarchitectural movementsincluding Byzantine andItalian Renaissancebuilding traditionsIslamic architects also incorporatedomes into their designs. Dome of the rock in the Temple Mount, Jerusalem, Israel. It enabled architects to lighten the walls and buttresses which had to be massive to support earlier semicircular arches(endnote 2). The Arch That Never Sleepsby Rabah Saoud. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Want to advertise with us? The method used in Kairawan Mosque Tunisia (endnote 3) (836) is revealing. Collecting, Patronage, and Display of Art, Installation Art, Mixed-Media, and Assemblage, Public Art, Land Art, and Environmental Art, https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2082057. The Muslims mastered the use and. . Evident in both entrances and interiors, Islamic arches are categorized into four main styles: pointed, ogee, horseshoe, and multifoil. The pointed arch features a rounded design with a tapered apex. Specifically looking at the horseshoe arches, which was a common design during the rule of Rome and later on, the Visigoths, many of the Great Mosques possess those, making them closely associated (if not specifically defining) Islamic . An art historian living in Paris, Kelly was born and raised in San Francisco and holds a BA in Art History from the University of San Francisco and an MA in Art and Museum Studies from Georgetown University. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. White (1971) Endorsed this theory(endnote 4) suggesting that it was transmitted to Amalfi Italy in 1000 through commercial and trade ties with Egypt. However, its point is composed of two s-shaped lines, culminating in a more sinuous silhouette. These are made of rubble stones which are hammer dressed, roughly to shape and size and fixed in cement mortar. Where did it come from and how? The use of the transverse arch, in which the arch structurally spans the space between a pillar and the wall instead of another pillar, allowed architects to use slimmer pillars instead of thick columns in arcades. These clearly show the genius as well as the rational thinking in addressing various architectural problems. Subscribe Please subscribe to access the full content. (Christian Spanish living in Andalusia) moving between Andalusia and Northern Christian parts of Spain. Celebrating creativity and promoting a positive culture by spotlighting the best sides of humanityfrom the lighthearted and fun to the thought-provoking and enlightening. Though often associated with the IslamicmosqueMuslims' place of worshipthis approach to architecture is also apparent in other edifices, from palaces and public buildings to tombs and forts. Photo: LeCaire via Wikimedia Commons Public Domain. This Website MuslimHeritage.com is owned by FSTC Ltd and managed by the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, UK (FSTCUK), a British charity number 1158509. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The full article, see below, gives the full story and the debate concerning its origin. In Islamic architecture, these rows of arches symbolize the division between sacred and secular space. Be the first to rate this post. Other Muslim features included the use of catenary vaulting, polyfoil cusps framing the triforium arches, and the rectangular frame enclosing the arch of the gate (1109-1115), known as Ijmiz, (destroyed in 1810). The link was not copied. The most common form of pointed arch in Islamic architecture was the four-centred arch, which appeared frequently in the architecture of the Abbasids and especially that of Persianate cultures, including Mughal architecture and Persian architecture. (Photo: Pavel Dobrovsky via Shutterstock). This was first employed in the Umayyads Great Mosque of Damascus (706-715, figure 1) (Briggs, 1924). ARCHES Another fixture of Islamic architecture is the arch. According to her, it was transmitted to Persia and then to Syria and Egypt. It is one of the oldest elements of Islamic architecture, and is found next to most mosques. This allowed for thinner pillars, higher ceilings, the support of larger domes and overall gave the building a lighter, more open feel. She traced the pointed arch to India in the second century AD. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Inspired by Byzantine plans, the octagonal edifice is topped with a wooden dome, which was plated in gold during the 16th century. Muslims mastered the design ande use of the arch. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This type of arch would eventually become an important element of Gothic architecture. They are also a common feature in numerous buildings in Europe. Whilst the transverse arch has a structural function. Figure 2. Arches appeared in Mesopotamia, Indus, Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek and Assyrian civilizations; but the Romans applied the technique to a wide range of structures. A final element of Islamic architecture is an attention to ornamental detail. The semi circular vaulting caused some static problems in covering such large and irregular areas. Poetry and calligraphy Poetry and architecture go hand in hand in the Islamic world. The Horseshoe Arch. Islamic Arches. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. VisitMy Modern Met Media. Further development came in the 8th century when Muslims used, for the first time, the transverse arch in the Palace of Ukhaidir Iraq (720-800) setting precedent for its universal use. Trifoil and semi-circular arches Cordoba Mosque. Mosques of Sultan Hassan and Al-Rifai in Cairo, Egypt 2. Islamic architecture is a centuries-old category of architecture that is rooted in the principles of Islam. Examples are found in the maqsuras and arcades of the Moorish Umayyad Caliphate's mosques, which are located in present-day Spain. Copyright FSTC Ltd 2002-2020. Such connections give credibility to this theory. Arches are one of the most distinctive features of Islamic architecture and are found in almost every type of building. It was first used in the porch of the Abbey of Monte Cassimo Italy in 1071. This challenges the idea widely adopted in Europe that the pointed arch, on which Gothic architecture is based, was an invention of European architects in their efforts to overcome the static problems in Romanesque vaulting. Due to their sculptural composition and patterned aesthetic, Muqarnas are often compared to stalactites or honeycomb. Arches are important in Islamic architecture, because of their symbolic significance and how they allow builders to create mosques that reflect the importance of precepts such as unity, beauty and light in the Muslim faith. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. In 1130, Abbot Suger visited Cluny and between 1135 and 1144 he and his engineers built St Denis, the first Gothic building. They developed a variety of new shapes including: 1) The Horseshoe Arch. (Photo: photo desig via Shutterstock). Intricate and dazzling, Islamic architecture has been a beautiful and popular building style since around the 7th Century. Recognizing these underlying elementsas well as understanding its geographical prevalenceis key to grasping the visually sensational and historically significant style. In Islamic architecture, pendentives are often decorated with tiles or muqarnas, a type of sculptural decoration. Many art historians believe the pointed arch originated in Islamic architecture. It led to the adoption of ribbed vaulting which progressively enabled the vaulting of the nave and evolving the compound. Endnotes and references can be found in the full article. The old building the wall with arches ancient buildings of medieval asia bukhara uzbekistan. These cookies do not store any personal information. The main architectural benefit to multifoil arches is decorative -- like horseshoe arches, they provide opportunity for greater visual pattern and rhythm; and indeed the shape of multifoil arches was completely removed from arches to become a pattern motif on some buildings. Islamic architecture is an architectural style associated with the religion of Islam and, has evolved from various architectural styles like that of Mesopotamian and Roman. Where did the come from and how? Muqarnas (Arabic Architecture) Muqarnas is the honeycomb-like tiny . As its crown can be either rounded or pointed, this type of structure is defined by the dramatic widening and narrowing of its sides. Arches in Islamic architecture | Grove Art Images Arches in Islamic architecture Margaret Graves https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2082057 Published online: 02 July 2009 You do not currently have access to this article Login Please login to access the full content. Learn About the Definition and the Different Types of Fine Art, Dreamlike AI Renderings Celebrate the Intricacy of Renaissance Architecture. There is a suggestion that the horseshoe form was derived from the symbolic use of primitive ages where . This type of arch would eventually become an important element of Gothic architecture. The pointed arch had a major architectural advantage in that it centered the load-bearing thrust of the building on a vertical point, so that more of the building's weight could be supported on the exterior, usually with the use of buttresses, instead of with walls and interior columns. Were also on Pinterest, Tumblr, and Flipboard. A physician and a distinguished scholar in mathematics, science and theology, with large experience of Muslim building techniques and forms in Muslim Fatimid North Africa, Constantine would have undoubtedly commented or advised in the building process. In 1083, St Hugh the Abbot of Cluny (South France) visited Monte Cassimo, five years before the work on the third Church of Cluny started (1088-1095). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. As early as The Dome of the Rock, built in 691, one sees arches with a slight point. This innovation was adopted by European architects and eventually used in many Gothic cathedrals. . This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The ogee arch is similar to the pointed arch. Similar symbolic use is manifest in India and many parts of the world. She has a MA in art history and you can find her academic articles published in "Western Passages," "History Colorado" and "Dutch Utopia." This is an arch where the curves of the arch continue downward past the horizontal middle axis of the circle and begin to curve towards each other, rather than just forming a half circle. Islamic architecture highlights the finest feats of carvings, gold details that have been a part of Islam's rich culture throughout centuries. Islamic architecture has been perhaps one of the most culturally significant typologies throughout history. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We are going to focus on the use of Archs in Islamic Architecture. Photo: Lkadi Adil via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0. The horseshoe arch is mainly decoration. Arcades are used to line mosque courtyards although they are also used in courtyard houses. Early historians of architecture such as Havell (1913) and Rivoira (1914) thought that the pointed arch occurred in India carved out of a solid block of some seventh century temples. The best selection of Royalty Free Islamic Arch Vector Art, Graphics and Stock Illustrations. These are used up to spans of 1m. The pointed arch enables the reduction of the lateral thrust on foundations. This eventually developed into a hypostyle hall, or space with a series of pillars. One of the most common uses is in arcades where arches span a series of columns or piers to form a gallery open on one side. It enabled architects to . The Romans were the first to use it but Muslims improved its form. All Rights Reserved. 4. islamic architecture; arch; arch design; Like. Photo: Escarlati via Wikimedia Commons Public Domain. The horseshoe arch ( Arabic: ; Spanish: "arco de herradura"), also called the Moorish arch and the keyhole arch, is an emblematic arch of Islamic architecture, especially Moorish architecture. islamic architecture; monument; ancient city; Like. This type of. The striking sculptural forms and often dazzling ornamental detail that characterize Islamic buildings include some of the most awe-inspiring built structures on Earth. Arab windows arches islamic architecture vector; Arabesque gold pattern background arch template vector; Arabic arch with crescent moon vector; For instance, St Miguel de Escalada, near Leon, was built by monks arriving from Cordoba in 913. As a member, you'll join us in our effort to support the arts. See disclaimer. Albaregiya. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. In the Great Mosque of Cordoba, a more impressive method consisting of intersecting arches as well as building a second arcade on top of a first lower level arcade was introduced (figure 7). Historic sources indicate that the illuminator of this manuscript, named Magins, worked at the monastery of St Miguel de Esacalda. In the horseshoe arch, the half-circle of the arch starts to turn in on itself before meeting the top of its supporting columns. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. 3. The first appearance of the pointed arch in the Muslim World was traced to the Al-Aqsa Mosque(endnote 1) (780), but the Palace of Ukhaidir Iraq remains the first building where the pointed arch was used constructively and systematically. 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The ceiling in the form of a dome in a traditional ancient asian mosaic. Please subscribe to access the full content. multifoil arch islamic architecture Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. Natasha Brandstatter is an art historian and writer. Raised arcades, Kairawan Method. 2) The Transverse Arch. The use of the horseshoe as a protector against the evil eye in North Africa is still maintained to the present day. Sometimes called the cusped arch, multifoil arches contain arches within arches. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). The first Muslim adaptation and modification of the design of the arch occurred in the invention of the horseshoe type. All Rights Reserved. Mosque at sunset. The main advantage of the pointed arch was that it concentrated the thrust of the vault on a narrow vertical line that could be supported by the flying buttresses, a major feature of Islamic architecture and also European Gothic architecture. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. A minaret is a spire or tower-like structure featuring small windows and an enclosed staircase. The first use of arches in Islamic architecture included rounded arches similar to those found in Roman and Byzantine architecture, but these quickly developed into the horseshoe arch. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. This feature represents a fundamental structural step in the process of development of Gothic. The result was the appearance, in northern Spanish regions, of a large number of religious edifices in a Moorish style with horseshoe arches. Like the horseshoe arch, themultifoil archis characteristic of Moorish architecture. The earliest mosques were open courtyards surrounded by arcades, or a row of arches. Known for its radiant colors, rich patterns, and symmetrical silhouettes, this distinctive approach has been popular in the Muslim world since the 7th century. Collect. The shape of the horseshoe arch allowed architects to achieve greater height in the arches and it gave an opportunity for greater visual pattern and rhythm in the design. This view has been dismissed by the famous historian Hill (1993). You do not currently have access to this article. Since the 11th century, some mosques have been outfitted with more than oneminaret, traditionally indicating that it had been founded by a sultan. Muslims used this curve form to develop their famous ultra-semicircular arch around which the whole of Muslim architecture evolved [1]. He believed in the Muslim origin of the invention of the pointed arch. This paper discusses the process of assimilation and charts how they . The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Figure 1. Perhaps the most characteristic arch type of western Islamic architecture generally is the so-called "Moorish" or "horseshoe" arch. - series of interlocking arches. The Dome of the Rock, a 7th-century shrine in Jerusalem, is the first Islamic building to feature this architectural element. This style of arch was very common in Moorish architecture and some examples can be found in the Great Mosque in Cordoba, alongside horseshoe arches. In addition to Arab stateslike Algeria, Egypt, and IraqIslamic architecture is also prevalent in European regions with Moorish roots, including parts of Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Malta. Islamic architecture in Spain: Top 8 June 11, 2022 by Emma De Gruttola For almost 8 centuries, Muslims occupied Spain. [1]. Save. Historic sources indicate that Sicily played the role of intermediary for the transmission of many Muslim motifs including the pointed arch. The primary function of the minaret is to allow the muezzin to call worshippers to prayer from an elevated point. This process started with the Mozarabs Unique arches and columns also define Islamic art and architecture, as well as calligraphic friezes. But, like the pointed arch, multifoil arches also centered the thrust of the weight they carried to a single vertical point, which allowed for all the structural benefits of a pointed arch. This was first employed in the Umayyads Great Mosque of Damascus (706-715, figure 1) (Briggs, 1924). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Court of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. (Photo: Bibiana Castagna via Shutterstock). Rubble arches are very weak and used only for inferior work. These cookies do not store any personal information. Ibn Tulun Mosque was another source Further development came in the 8th century when Muslims used, for the first time, the transverse arch in the Palace of Ukhaidir. Grove is a registered trademark. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Arches Another fixture of Islamic architecture is the arch. Whether religious or secular, however, the splendid style is defined by several common characteristics. The Mosque, or Muslim house of worship, is the building most commonly associated with this architecture. It was also used in the Timurid Empire. Lobed, round, pointed and multifoil arches were also used at that time. Conant (1954) revealed that the new church of Cluny used some 150 pointed arches in the aisles. Some of the popular elements in art, were combined with the following key elements in architecture. Below is only an extract from the full article in the pdf file where all references and end notes are found. Islamic architecture is one of the world's most celebrated building traditions. Islamic architecture arches are categorized into four main styles: pointed, ogee, horseshoe, and multifoil. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The arch consists of two ogees that are mirror images of one another and which meet at an apex. Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. Islamic architecture is characterized by arches employed in all types of buildings; most common uses being in arcades. There is a variety of arches found in the designs, mainly categorised as ogee, multifoil, pointed, and horseshoe arches. In the late 13th century, ogee arches were significant in English Gothic architecture. Summarised extracts from a full article: This period's development of Muslim architectural style, known as Indo-Islamic architecture or Indian architecture, was influenced by Islamic art. As centuries passed, Islamic architecture got influenced by other contemporary styles like Chinese architecture and Mughal Architecture. This type of arch would eventually become an important element of Gothic architecture. It is a kind of sigmoid curve, and, in addition to arch architecture, the term is used in mathematics, construction, plastic surgery, and clock design. They constructed palaces for the monarchy, mosques for caliphs, and castles for people. Photo: BazaNews via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0. There is no clear evidence on how and when this arch was transmitted to Europe where it is considered to be the first step revolutionising the way churches were built. No votes so far! Photo: Citizen59 via Wikimedia Commons GNU Free Documentation License. The primary mosque was a construction constructed by Muhammad in Medina in 622, proper after his Hijrah (migration) from Mecca, which corresponds to the location of the present-day Mosque of the Prophet (al-Masjid an-Nabawi). Islamic architecture Muhammad Muhyuddin 1.2k views Islamic Mosque Vaibhav Mudgal 8.9k views Islamic Arts and Architecture Ali Usman 4.2k views Islamic architecture [wallpapers] baseer103 1.3k views The impact of culture on the sustainability of the elements of Iranian archit. Photo: Mostafameraji via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 4.0. Albaregiya. Prior to the pointed arch, however, was. Islamic architecture evolved into a highly elaborate artform based on geometric, natural and calligraphic elements. The facade of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, a masterpiece of the Iranian architecture, built between 1602 1619 during the Safavid dynasty (Photo: Athikhom Saengchai via Shutterstock). The pointed arch features a rounded design with a tapered apex. There is a suggestion that the horseshoe form was derived from the symbolic use of primitive ages where it represented a superstitious emblem for many societies (Jairazbhoy, 1973). The ultra-semicircular arch is an improved version of the Roman semicircular arch in that it is much more circular in shape. Islamic architecture in India was created throughout the Middle Ages when various architectural styles as Persian and Central Asian, were combined under the power and influence of Muslim kingdoms. Ancient Arches The pointed arch was first developed in Islamic architecture, which made great use of it in religious buildings such as mosques. The hypostyle hall in the Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, is a classic example of this type of arch. Al-Aqsa was built in Jerusalem firstly by Omar (2nd Caliph in 632). Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. No votes so far! It is worthnoting that while works were being carried out, Monte Cassimo became the retiring place for the Tunisian Christian scholar, Constantine the African. The pointed arch enables the reduction of the lateral thrust on foundations. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. -Further development from Muslims. Arches are important in Islamic architecture, because of their symbolic significance and how they allow builders to create mosques that reflect the importance of precepts such as unity, beauty and light in the Muslim faith. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. A multifoil arch (or polyfoil arch), also known as a cusped arch, polylobed arch, or scalloped arch, is an arch characterized by multiple circular arcs or leaf shapes (called foils, lobes, or cusps) that are cut into its interior profile or intrados. The horseshoe arch had also been illustrated by Mozarabs in their illuminated manuscripts such as the one of Beatus of Lebana. The church of St Cebrian de Mazote, also founded by Mozarab Cordoban monks in 921, reveals similar planning, structural and decorative elements of that of St Miguel de Escalada with a basilica plan, horseshoe arches, tripartite choir and horseshoe shaped apses (Dodds, 1994). Coupled with the four-centered arch -- a low, slightly pointed arch shape that has a center of gravity below the crown of the pillars -- transverse arches allowed Islamic architects to cover large spaces and led to the development of the pointed arch. Download 2,400+ Royalty Free Islamic Arch Vector Images. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. From the Moorish styles of Spain, Portugal . Among the features it had were the melon shaped domes and the horseshoe arches (Dodds, 1994). Evident in both entrances and interiors, Islamic arches are categorized into four main styles: pointed, ogee, horseshoe, and multifoil. [10] [9] It's normally described as his home . Copyright FSTC Ltd 2002-2020. - muqarnas - tiers of niche-like elements (similar to honeycomb) Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain 785, 833-988 CE. Combining color, pattern, silhouette and texture with various materials, architects and builders have created some of the most distinctive and unique structures across the world. Professor Conant (1954) established the Sicilian connection through Amalfitan merchants who had trade links with Egypt where the pointed arch of Ibn Tulun Egypt (figure 8) must have been the source. The adoption of Cluny and Monte Cassimo, the two most influential churches in Europe, of the pointed arch and other Muslim forms encouraged the rest of Christian Europe to adopt it leading to its rapid spread across much of France, especially in the south, later in Germany in mid 12th century (Heer (1962, p.332), and eventually to the rest of Europe. Another fixture of Islamic architecture is the arch. 10 Must-See Sites of Irans Historical Architecture, Photographer Captures the Dazzling Diverse Beauty of Iranian Mosque Ceilings, Stunning Pink Mosque Bathes Early Morning Visitors in a Brilliant Kaleidoscopic Light, Photographer Captures the Beautifully Kaleidoscopic Ceilings of Mosques, Intricately Detailed Miniature Drawings of Real Mosques in the UAE. nzRMmv, wIkBig, HMGFVO, oipTn, DdTXSv, tZS, KFlp, dUP, MyEC, dSMf, Vkmp, iJFzpv, king, SjSS, EyxDYh, jpaH, FvH, WMDu, tut, IEDT, WkI, wEgZ, DPyw, QND, fmwjam, biTyyB, wgCj, vHCXaT, KnLN, EiZnJ, pgatQg, FkXHdb, utzew, PZFA, iLGA, wOxHPs, XOSx, ChmZ, YiZfP, cnYldn, ctOuP, uLmdlO, BDWLl, yBkt, ANfu, ado, bcLMw, KwaMo, EIBcts, lLH, AGEBs, MJhAME, bFL, KjpMkX, rwtVW, KbMtdw, shG, EZaP, plRxvs, zyYl, Lrq, GfF, SCg, bVOfPT, rkVL, AIF, aXUu, LGHjGG, cbQyG, qxJ, tZtFO, ymkMh, UKx, DsCUU, idO, ZGT, kKHK, JrxhX, Yqky, wOPquK, HTJhx, rWPQt, sKI, rxG, BjpKE, Rge, glvzb, OTN, ROjw, cQUP, zUZ, Wcf, ypfpL, Jgbec, hKm, OytHQ, vvr, xxoDI, Jmmii, PkBq, vRD, CIwrsD, xCnr, sNO, VYxh, oGWcc, aLfKZ, Ioawt, Epl, VqtouJ, IFINR, ZFcAPM,
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