He understood the interests of the Austrian Empire in Macedonia and warned his diplomats accordingly. The Ottomans faced little resistance from these divided and weak Bulgarian states. [247][248] Maize, barley, oats and rice are also grown. Secondly, special charters (royal decrees) of Basil II recognised the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid and set up its boundaries, securing the continuation of the dioceses already existing under Samuil, their property and other privileges.[58]. The samovili are said to live in beeches and sycamores the, which are therefore considered holy and not permitted burning. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. Huge range of colors and sizes. The horse of the Madara Rider is preserved on the back of the Bulgarian stotinka. , . The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colours. [332] The Ministry of Education and Science partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. [2][22] Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named Megabazus whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans. The Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pasic promised Greece Thrace to Greece [no reference] if it helped Serbia defend the territory it had captured in Macedonia; the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos agreed [no reference]. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction. [218][219] Positive growth was restored in 2010 but intercompany debt exceeded $59 billion, meaning that 60% of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. [91] By the mid-1950s, standards of living rose significantly and political repression eased. [78] The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests. The Ottoman system began declining by the 17th century and at the end of the 18th had all but collapsed. Bulgarian cultural influence was especially strong in Wallachia and Moldova where the Cyrillic script was used until 1860, while Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery and of the church until the end of the 17th century. [57][58] The Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced to an archbishopric, but retained its autocephalous status and its dioceses. Thus, Bulgarians, like other Christians, were subjected to heavy taxes and a small portion of the Bulgarian populace experienced partial or complete Islamisation. In the mix of Christian and pagan patrons of thunder, at Saint Elijah's feast day Ognyena Maria is worshiped, the Slavic goddesses assisting Perun that took a substitutional dual position of the Christian Mother of God. "The Social History of Bulgaria: Topics and Approaches,", Davidova, Evguenia. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is -ski. The new emigration is estimated at some 970,000 people and can be divided into two major subcategories: permanent emigration at the beginning of the 1990s, directed mostly to the U.S., Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Euro-Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of communism, although the communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by 1987. Recent eastern influences from the genre music chalga and turbo-folk even brought a prestige for the masculine voices of females. The artist has 4 solo exhibitions and 2 awards for his art works. [115] Plains occupy about one third of the territory, while plateaux and hills occupy 41%. [76][79] This significantly contributed to Bulgaria's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century. . . , . Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s. [274] Bulgaria was the first country to grow wheat and vegetables in space with its Svet greenhouses on the Mir space station. In 2017, the Bulgarian nationality is ranked twenty-sixth in the Nationality Index (QNI). ), The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 and set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire, including the regions of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia,[67][68] though the state was de jure only autonomous but de facto functioned independently. [107][108] These supposed proportions have been changed several times during the 20th century, emphasizing usually the Slavic part of Bulgarian ancestry, related to the traditionally strong Russophilia in the country. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD,[59] but it is possibly derived from the Proto-Turkic word *bulha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative *bulgak ("revolt", "disorder"). [331] Average basic literacy stands high at 98.4% with no significant difference between sexes. [21][22] The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies. Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. [305] Bulgaria thus has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 43 years. [35], By the end of the 1st century AD, Roman governance was established over the entire Balkan Peninsula and Christianity began spreading in the region around the 4th century. It was superseded by the Treaty of Berlin, signed on 13 July. [13] The Karanovo culture developed simultaneously with the one in Varna, and its earth layers serve as a stratigraphical gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The main ethnic elements which blended in to produce the modern Bulgarian ethnicity are: From the indigenous Thracian people certain cultural and ethnic elements were taken. Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria, List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes, Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School, List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe, List of sovereign states by date of formation Europe, List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, "Sirakov et al. Under Ivan Asen II (12181241), Bulgaria once again became a regional power, occupying Belgrade and Albania. In June Radoslavov's government resigned. [95] It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov (19461949), who established a repressive, rapidly industrialising Stalinist state. [173], Bulgaria is a unitary state. [204] Taxes form the bulk of government revenue[204] at 30% of GDP. This mixture of ancient peoples was assimilated by the Slavs, who permanently settled on the peninsula after 500 AD. [333] Bulgaria's highest-ranked higher education institution is Sofia University.[334][335]. Large towns and the areas where Ottoman power predominated remained severely depopulated until the 19th century. Its territory covers an area of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855sqmi), while land borders with its five neighbouring countries run a total length of 1,808 kilometres (1,123mi), and its coastline is 354 kilometres (220mi) long. [141], Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003. [309][310] The majority of children are born to unmarried women. [350] The Rila Monastery was established by Saint John of Rila, Bulgaria's patron saint, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times. Stefan Detchev, Who are the Bulgarians? In 2017, the Bulgarian nationality is ranked twenty-sixth in the Nationality Index (QNI). [344] The enormous body of work of Ivan Vazov (18501921) covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society, bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly established state. [64][pageneeded]. There are many available options, ranging from the standard residency requirement of 10 years to the express 12 months naturalization under the . Mutinies broke out in the army, Stamboliyski was released and a republic was proclaimed. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads. [159], Freedom House has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009, citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government. #2: there are people from Russian-Bulgarian origin like Russian singer Filip Kirkorov who was born in Varna, Bulgaria to a Russian mother and Bulgarian father Filip Kirkorov has Bulgarian, Russian, and Armenian heritage but he is considered Russian because he has Russian citizenship. The mountain chain is larger than the adjacent ranges that run parallel in a transitional region of complex relief. Thus Serbia was temporarily knocked out of the war, and Turkey was temporarily rescued from collapse. The Srebarna Nature Reserve, a freshwater lake and bird sanctuary adjoining the Danube River, was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983 and then placed on UNESCOs endangered list in 1992 after environmental decline; improvements were seen in the early 21st century. [351] The schools' emphasis on Christian scriptures made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavs under the influence of Christianity and providing them with a written language. It resulted in the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), and led to the foundation of the third Bulgarian state after the Treaty of San Stefano. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos subsequently became joint military training facilities cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries. ", " ", "The Slavs of the mid-Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarians&oldid=1126917859, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg), Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 23:10. [351], The establishment of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the Middle Ages. [62][59] He was overthrown in 1280 by the feudal landlords,[62] whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century. "Differentiation in Entanglement: Debates on Antiquity, Ethnogenesis and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Bulgaria", in Klaniczay, Gbor and Werner, Michael (eds. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -a), for example, Maria Ivanova. [32] Even though the Celts remained in the Balkans for more than a century, their influence on the peninsula was modest. [172] The Ministry of the Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the National Gendarmeriea specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. This transformation shows that the content of collective loyalties can shift. 3 works The Three Graces (Ex Libris) Edward Penkov $100.00 USD Hiroshima (Ex Libris) Edward Penkov [33], Sometime before 300 AD, Diocletian further divided Thracia into four smaller provinces. The easternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century. Chervenkov stayed on as Prime Minister until April 1956, when he was dismissed and replaced by Anton Yugov. [25] Most of what is today eastern Bulgaria remained firmly under the Persian sway until 479 BC. [383][384] CSKA and Levski, both based in Sofia,[380] are the most successful clubs domestically and long-standing rivals. Christo is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century, known for his outdoor installations. (2020) A Companion to Ancient Thrace, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 1119016185. The latter gradually inflicted total linguistic replacement of Thracian, if the Thracians had not already been Romanized or Hellenized. [38] 21 " -", . The area was further fought over during the World War I (19151918) and the World War II (19411944). 4,240,000 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group. It envisioned that Bulgaria would dominate the Balkans after the war.[83]. The Bulgarian nobility had vanished, leaving an egalitarian peasant society with a small but growing urban middle class. (2010).- an ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) | Philippe Fernandez - Academia.edu", "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", "Celtic Settlement in North-Western Thrace during the Late Fourth and Third Centuries BC", "Temple to Isis and Osiris unearthed near the Bulgarian Black Sea", "The Saint Athanasius Monastery of Chirpan, the oldest cloister in Europe", R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 1997, Cambridge University Press, Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages, " " ", " (11971207 .) [140] Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and Turkish. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia. By January 1878 they had liberated much of the Bulgarian lands. Sozopol was the last Bulgarian settlement to fall, in 1453. A series of crises in the 1990s left much of Bulgaria's industry and agriculture in shambles, although a period of relative stabilization began with the election of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as prime minister in 2001. [citation needed] But it was clear that the central geopolitical position of Bulgaria in the Balkans would inevitably lead to strong external pressure by both sides of World War II. In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia, who fought the First Balkan War of (19121913) and the Second Balkan War of (1913). Telerig was aware of the increased presence of spies in the capital Pliska. At Easter the first egg is painted red and is kept for a whole year. "Bulgaria (History)" in Richard Frucht, ed. [113], Bulgaria is a small country situated in Southeastern Europe, in the east of the Balkans. .: , 1977. "The Danube Vilayet And Bulgar-Turkish Compromise Proposal Of 1867 In Bulgarian Historiography,", Todorova, Maria. About one-third of the nesting birds in Bulgaria can be found in the park, as well as one-third of invertebrates. Constantin Prezan Alexandru Averescu; Russia: Andrei Zayonchkovski Vladimir Sakharov, Battle of Turtucaia Battle of Bazargic First Cobadin Flmnda Offensive Second Cobadin Battle of Bucharest, 1918 km of land area)", "Population and Demographic Processes in 2018", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", "World Bank: The demographic crisis is Bulgaria's most serious problem", "Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening", "Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria's Population Even More? Overall, more than half of the runoff drains to the Black Sea, and the rest flows to the Aegean Sea. The ritual consists of dancing, jumping, shouting and collect gifts from the houses in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. This culminated in the show trial and execution of Deputy Prime Minister Traicho Kostov (died 16 December 1949). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. [10] The Durankulak lake settlement in Bulgaria commenced on a small island, approximately 7000 BC and around 4700/4600 BC the stone architecture was already in general use and became a characteristic phenomenon that was unique in Europe. [131] It also achieved its Kyoto Protocol objective of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 30% from 1990 to 2009. The Ottomans then turned their attentions to the Serbs, whom they routed at Kosovo Polje in 1389. In case of continuous lack of rain, a custom of driving out the zmey from the area is performed. There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. According to the study, some religious teachings, like Islamic funeral have been traditionally incorporated and are widely practiced while other major ones are less observed, like the Muslim prayer or abstaining from drinking alcohol, eating pork, and cohabitation. Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age, Reykjavkur Akademan, 2010. Given the existence of such irreconcilable opponents to the Byzantines as Krakra, Nikulitsa, Dragash and others, such apparent passivity seems difficult to explain. in this post, we will explain how to get bulgarian citizenship by naturalization, which is in simple terms the right to obtain the bulgarian nationality, if you have been living long enough in bulgaria, typically five years since you become permanent resident in the country, then you will have the right to apply for citizenship, the application But all wartime territorial gains, with the notable exception of Southern Dobrudzha, were lost. After several years of reforms, it joined the European Union and the single market in 2007, despite EU concerns over government corruption. [71], As Ottoman power began to wane, Habsburg Austria and Russia saw Bulgarian Christians as potential allies. Bulgarians may celebrate Saint Theodore's Day with horse racings. Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov were among the most influential European philosophers in the second half of the 20th century. This surname ending also gets an a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). ", Grozdanova, Elena. Montenegro was also brought into the pact. In 1899, the Bulgarian Agrarian Union was formed, bringing together rural intellectuals such as teachers with ambitious peasants. His policy was characterized by the goal of preserving Bulgarian independence at all costs, working with both the Liberal majority and Conservative minority parties. [68][63] Other pre-Slavic Indo-European peoples, including Dacians (if distinct from Thracians), Celts, Goths, Romans, ancient Greeks, Sarmatians, Paeonians and Illyrians also settled into the later Bulgarian land. Stalin died in March 1953 and in March 1954 Chervenkov was deposed as Party Secretary with the approval of the new leadership in Moscow and replaced by Todor Zhivkov. A person of Bulgarian origin. In 1926, after the brief War of the Stray Dog, the Tsar persuaded Tsankov to resign, a more moderate government under Andrey Lyapchev took office and an amnesty was proclaimed, although the Communists remained banned. XIX XX . . Fourteen of the men, who did not have documents but said they were of Afghan origin, were sent to . His short reign was essential in recoveringat least partiallythe integrity of the Bulgarian state. Ivancho and Mariika are the protagonists of the jokes. [129], In 1998, the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983), The Early Medieval Balkans, University of Michigan Press, . Article 12 of the 1998 Law establishes the general regime for naturalisation. The Black Sea coast is the country's lowest point. At the Rusalska Week the girls don't go outside to prevent themselves from diseases and harm that the dead forces Rusalii can cause. The Bulgarian peasants actually possessed their land, although it officially belonged to the sultan. Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov surname suffix (Cyrillic: -), a tradition used mostly by Eastern Slavic nations such as Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. [258] Private businesses accounted for more than 73% of R&D expenditures and employed 42% of Bulgaria's 22,000 researchers in 2015. [344][362][363][364][365][366][367][excessive citations], Bulgarian performers have gained acclaim in other genres like electropop (Mira Aroyo), jazz (Milcho Leviev) and blends of jazz and folk (Ivo Papazov). Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song "Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin" will be played in the Outer space for at least 60,000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. [82] It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918two Balkan Wars and World War I. [124] In this way, ethnonyms were rarely used and between the 15th and 19th centuries, most of the local people gradually began to identify themselves simply as Christians. In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria, based on the Glagolitic, the Greek and Latin alphabets. [41][42][43][44], Not long after the Slavic incursion, Moesia was once again invaded, this time by the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh. The tradition forbids killing of sacred animals deer, while it is hold a belief the samodivi runaway from horse. [154], Borisov's last cabinet saw a dramatic decrease in freedom of the press, and a number of corruption revelations that triggered yet another wave of mass protests in 2020. [108] After 2001, economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly,[109] and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003. Basil II guaranteed the indivisibility of Bulgaria in its former geographic borders and did not officially abolish the local rule of the Bulgarian nobility, who became part of Byzantine aristocracy as archons or strategoi. [291] Equipment for a second nuclear power station at Belene has been acquired, but the fate of the project remains uncertain. [38][39] A portion of the eastern South Slavs assimilated most of them, before the Bulgar lite incorporated these peoples into the First Bulgarian Empire.[40]. In 1870, a Bulgarian Exarchate was created by a firman and the first Bulgarian Exarch, Antim I, became the natural leader of the emerging nation. [5] Its ethnically and culturally diverse people united under a common religion, language and alphabet which formed and preserved the Bulgarian national consciousness despite foreign invasions and influences. This seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. [170] GDNP fields 26,578 police officers in its local and national sections. Their rounded summits have an average height of 2,368 feet (722 metres) and rise to 7,795 feet (2,376 metres) at Mount Botev, the highest peak. After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. The capital city, Sofia, lies in a mountainous basin in the west. Questions & Answers. Bulgarian nationalism was emergent in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French Revolution, mostly via Greece. Though located in western Bulgaria, the capital, Sofia, is neatly positioned near the geographic centre of the Balkan region, and in nearly every other respect it occupies the central position within Bulgaria. Both languages were official or a lingua franca of each other during the Middle Ages and the Cold War. To decrease this Byzantine influence, he sent a letter to the emperor in which he asks for refuge in Constantinople and wants to know which Byzantine spies can help him. [285], The population of Bulgaria is 6,519,789 people according to the 2021 national census. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being moussaka, gyuvetch, and baklava. By the end of the 6th century, Avars organized regular incursions into northern Bulgaria, which were a prelude to the en masse arrival of the Slavs. [123] This community became both, basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it. Bulgarian citizenship can also be acquired by naturalization. [26][27][28] The Thracians excelled in metallurgy and gave the Greeks the Orphean and Dionysian cults, but remained tribal and stateless. [261][262][263][264] Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria. The fierce debates started in the 19th century and the questionable proportions of the presumed Thracian, Bulgar, and Slavic ancestry, have depended on the geopolitical situation of the country and on ideological and political predilections. This result represents the earliest arrival of modern humans in Europe. [301][302] Population density is 65 per square kilometre, almost half the European Union average. Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War.[133][134][135][136][137]. D. ., 1975. [56] After the conquest, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility, integrating them in Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy, and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing tax in kind instead. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script. [381] Grigor Dimitrov is the first Bulgarian tennis player in the Top 3 ATP rankings. The conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church[49] and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet, developed in the capital, Preslav. This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. Tchavdar Marinov, Ancient Thrace in the Modern Imagination: Ideological Aspects of the Construction of Thracian Studies in Southeast Europe (Romania, Greece, Bulgaria) in Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume Three, 2015. [62] About 77% of Bulgaria's population identified themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in 2011 Bulgarian census.[45]. Your children, of any age, can also obtain Bulgarian citizenship once you become one. [3] During the centuries, some Thracian tribes fell under Ancient Macedonian and Hellenistic, and also Celtic domination. After the death of Justinian II, the Bulgarians continue their crusades against the empire and in 716 they reach Constantinople. It is believed that no man can go in Zmeyovo and only the magpie knows the location of this place. Extending southward from the Danube to the foothills of the Balkan Mountains is the fertile, hilly Danubian Plain. [200] More than a fifth of the labour force work for a minimum wage of $1.16 per hour. Turkish and Roma minorities account for 8.8 and 4.9%, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities account for 0.7%, and 0.8% do not self-identify with an ethnic group. ", Birman, Mikhail. Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. Vilnius, 1994. According to a 2009 Pew Global Attitudes Project survey, 76% of Bulgarians said they were dissatisfied with the system of democracy, 63% thought that free markets did not make people better off and only 11% of Bulgarians agreed that ordinary people had benefited from the changes in 1989. High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Socialist era. The earliest dwellings in Bulgaria the Stara Zagora Neolithic dwellings date from 6,000 BC and are amongst the oldest man-made structures yet discovered. The following year, the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence. High quality Bulgaria Nationality-inspired gifts and merchandise. By subverting the principles of Byzantine diplomacy and political culture, Simeon turned his own kingdom into a society-structuring factor in the nomadic world. [81] Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the Banat in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancestry in South America. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at Tarnovo. The Bulgars, led by Asparuh, attacked from the lands of Old Great Bulgaria and permanently invaded the Balkans in the late 7th century. [311] Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5% of families do not have children under the age of 16. In the 11th century, the First Bulgarian Empire collapsed under Rus' and Byzantine attacks, and became part of the Byzantine Empire until 1185. [2] Naturalisation is available on the basis of residence in certain types of status; marriage or on the basis of origin or at the discretion of the government of Bulgaria to persons of merit. century, however Macedonian patriots began to see Macedonian and Bulgarian loyalties as mutually exclusive. [329] Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. Its leading cultural position was consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic script in its capital Preslav at the eve of the 10th century. [228][229][230] Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement, influence trading, government procurement violations and bribery with impunity. Boris Todorov, "The value of empire: tenth-century Bulgaria between Magyars, Pechenegs and Byzantium,", Bakalov, Istorija na Blgarija, "Simeon I Veliki", John Bell, "The Genesis of Agrarianism in Bulgaria,", Nedyalka Videva, and Stilian Yotov, "European Moral Values and their Reception in Bulgarian Education,", Richard C. Hall, "Bulgaria in the First World War,", Gerard E. Silberstein, "The Serbian Campaign of 1915: Its Diplomatic Background,". [270] A concerted effort by the communist government to teach computing and IT skills in schools also indirectly made Bulgaria a major source of computer viruses in the 1980s and 90s. 11. In the beginning of 8th century Byzantine emperor Justinian II asked Khan Tervel for assistance in recovering his throne, for which Tervel received the region Zagore from the Empire and was paid large quantities of gold. In the aftermath of the Balkan Wars Bulgarian opinion turned against Russia and the Western powers, by whom the Bulgarians felt betrayed. Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions. [164] The wind and the hot steam of the bread is believed to be the souls of the dead. The relatively large number of Bulgarian plant and animal species reflects the countrys location adjoining several of the great Eurasian biogeographic zones. Labor camps were set up and at the height of the repression housed about 100,000 people. The two Balkan wars greatly destabilized Bulgaria, stopping its hitherto steady economic growth, and leaving 58,000 dead and over 100,000 wounded. [92] Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the Bulgars' Turkic origin. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Citizenship 3 Ethnogenesis 3.1 Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception 4 Genetic origins 5 History 5.1 Bulgarian national movement 6 Demographics [155][156] GERB came out first in the regular April 2021 election, but with its weakest result so far. The subsequent snap elections in May resulted in a narrow win for GERB,[147] but the Bulgarian Socialist Party eventually formed a government led by Plamen Oresharski after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support. Most of the Thracians were eventually Hellenized or Romanized, with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. [98] The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. ", 2006. The capital Preslav was said to rival Constantinople,[48][49] the new independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy and Bulgarian translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time. 23 ", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria Bulgarians in Argentina", "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari", "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables", "International Migration Outlook 2016 OECD READ edition", "Bevlkerung nach Staatsangehrigkeit und Geburtsland", "Utrikes fdda efter fdelseland, kn och r", "National Institute of Statistics of Portugal Foreigners in 2013", "Bulgaria's State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad Study about the number of Bulgarian immigrants as of 03.2011", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria Bulgarians in South Africa", "Vest 31.12. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election. The 7th Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria (The Golden Prehistoric Civilization, Civilization of Thracians and Macedonians, Hellenistic Civilization, Roman [Empire] Civilization, Byzantine [Empire] Civilization, Bulgarian Civilization, Islamic Civilization), by Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation," Sofia, 2005 (108 p.), This page was last edited on 4 December 2022, at 03:08. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various resistance groups. The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches. If you want to know how to say nationality in Bulgarian, you will find the translation here. [109][110] However, during the 1970s the Thracology was especially supported by the communist authority, as an attempt to underline the indigenous influence into the Bulgarian ethnogenesis. In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its monopoly on power and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 were held. [295] Sofia and Plovdiv are the country's air travel hubs, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports. [382], Football is the most popular sport in the country by a substantial margin. [2] The Persian troops subjugated gold-rich Thrace, the coastal Greek cities, as well as defeating and conquering the powerful Paeonians. [375] Mavrud, Rubin, Shiroka melnishka, Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine. [73] They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. The capital of Sofia grew by a factor of 600% - from 20,000 population in 1878 to 120,000 in 1912, primarily from peasants who arrived from the villages to become laborers, ", Meininger, Thomas A. During the late Roman Empire, several Roman provinces covered the territory that comprises present-day Bulgaria: Scythia (Scythia Minor), Moesia (Upper and Lower), Thrace, Macedonia (First and Second), Dacia (Coastal and Inner, both south of Danube), Dardania, Rhodope and Haemismontus, and had a mixed population of Byzantine Greeks, Thracians and Dacians, most of whom spoke either Greek or variants of Vulgar Latin. Most of Bulgarian land lack any pagan archeology left from the Bulgars, despite early Christianization and that during most of the pagan period medieval Bulgarian borders spread significantly only in today's northern Bulgaria. Pagan customs found their way to the Christian holidays. Greeks, c.900 - 31 BC. [116] Most rivers are short and with low water levels. [184], Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet-allied countries like Nicaragua[185] and Libya during the Cold War. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Eastern Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. [315] In 2021, market research agency Reboot Online ranked Bulgaria as the best European country for women to work. The greater part of these people were also considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond. Modern versions of the alphabet are now used to write five more Slavic languages such as Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian as well as Mongolian and some other 60 languages spoken in the former Soviet Union. In 1396 the Tsardom of Vidin was also invaded, bringing the Second Bulgarian Empire and Bulgarian independence to an end. In the Chech region there is a custom forbidding "touching the land", i.e. [19][20] The associated Varna Necropolis treasure contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years. Bulgaria's biodiversity, one of the richest in Europe,[121] is conserved in three national parks, 11 nature parks, 10 biosphere reserves and 565 protected areas. ( , , 1981). Their origin remains obscure. [240][241] Bulgaria is Europe's fifth-largest coal producer. Bulgarias numerous lakes may be coastal (such as the large lakes around Varna and Burgas, both on the Black Sea), glacial (such as those in the southern mountains), structural, or karst in origin. [266][267] The information and communication technologies (ICT) sector generates three per cent of economic output and employs 40,000[268] to 51,000 software engineers. Bulgaria sustained the heaviest casualties of any of the allies while also making the largest territorial claims. [1] Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well. Later in the 4th century, a group of Goths arrived in northern Bulgaria and settled in and around Nicopolis ad Istrum. 237269, in We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, 2009 by Diana Mishkova (Author, Editor) Central European University Press. During the reign of Khan Omurtag (814831), the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube. Three basic structural and physiographic divisions run east-west, splitting the country into the traditional regions of North Bulgaria, including the Danubian Plain and the Balkan Mountains; South Bulgaria, including the Rila-Rhodope Massif; and a transitional area between them. [163] The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. with evidence of toponymy throughout the regional groups linking directly to the deities Svarog, Perun, Hors and Veles, while the regional group Hartsoi derive their name from god Hors. Resurrected Bulgaria occupied the territory between the Black Sea, the Danube and Stara Planina, including a part of eastern Macedonia, Belgrade and the valley of the Morava. [117] During the 10th century the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the Pomaks or Muslim Bulgarians. [127] Flora includes more than 3,800 vascular plant species of which 170 are endemic and 150 are considered endangered. [164] The most spread Bulgarian view of the vampire was that of a rolling bulbous balloon of blood derived from the Slavic term pir "drink". Emerging from centuries of Ottoman rule, Bulgaria gained its independence in the late 19th century, joined the losing side of several conflagrations in the first half of the 20th century, and, despite gravitating toward the Axis powers in World War II, found itself within close orbit of the Soviet Union by mid-century. The alleged as "unclean" animals resembling the devil such as the goat are, however, exempted from being eaten as the holy ones. It is generally proposed that a proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the Early Bronze Age[15] when the latter, around 1500 BC, conquered the indigenous peoples. [52], After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by wars with Magyars and Pechenegs and the spread of the Bogomil heresy. During the 6th century, the traditional Greco-Roman culture was still influential, but Christian philosophy and culture were dominant and began to replace it. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. When a stork is seen, the martenitsa should be left on a tree. [176] It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). Omissions? One of the successors of Khan Kubrat, Kotrag led nine Bulgar tribes to the north along the banks of the river Volga in what is today Russia, creating the Kingdom of the Volga Bulgars in the late 7th century. , , , , 1971. The power of the Hungarians and to some extent the Serbs prevented significant expansion to the west and north-west. In 1888, a university was established. [36] From the 7th century, Greek became the predominant language in the Eastern Roman Empire's administration, Church and society, replacing Latin.[37]. [286][287] Internet penetration stood at 69.2% of the population aged 1674 and 78.9% of households in 2020. [195][196] From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy, with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities. [133] Particulate levels are the highest in Europe,[134] especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations. With the exception of the fine harbours of Varna and Burgas, the coast has few bays, but it does have extensive stretches of sandy beach that are features of a number of picturesque seaside resorts. Some towns such as Gabrovo, Tryavna, Karlovo, Koprivshtitsa, Lovech, Skopie prospered. On 17 June 2001, Simeon II, the son of Tsar Boris III and himself the former Head of state (as Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946), won a narrow victory in elections. [164], Bulgarian mythology and fairy tales are mainly about forest figures, such as the dragon zmey, the nymphs samovili (samodivi), the witch veshtitsa. Bulgarian citizens are full citizens of the European Union ('EU'), and are entitled to 'freedom of movement' (including visa-free travel to the remaining 27 member states of the EU and a large number of other countries to which the EU applies a common visa policy); Bulgarian-American Stephane Groueff wrote the celebrated book Manhattan Project, about the making of the first atomic bomb and also penned Crown of Thorns, a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy. [60][61] In 1277, swineherd Ivaylo led a great peasant revolt that expelled the Mongols from Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor. . Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. [82] Germany and Austria realized they needed Bulgaria's help in order to defeat Serbia militarily thereby opening supply lines from Germany to Turkey and bolstering the Eastern Front against Russia. During the 1960s, Zhivkov initiated reforms and passed some market-oriented policies on an experimental level. Urban centres became well-developed, especially the territories of Serdika, what is today Sofia, due to the abundance of mineral springs. LiterNet, 06. Coach Ivan Abadzhiev developed innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in weight-lifting since the 1980s. [77][78][79] The partition of territories in the Balkans by the Great Powers without regard to ethnic composition led to a wave of discontent not only in Bulgaria, but also in its neighbouring countries. During this period the country was known as the "People's Republic of Bulgaria" (PRB) and was ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). [102] These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey. The earliest evidence of hominid occupation discovered in what is today Bulgaria date from at least 1.4 million years ago. Most of the exports are manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel products and food. Southern Bulgaria has forest soils with acidic (cinnamonic) tracesby far the most extensive single categoryas well as the modified chernozems known as chernozem-smolnitzas (a dark-coloured zonal soil with a deep and rich humus horizon). His military campaign against Constantine V in the year 774, proved to be unsuccessful. Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Democide, 1997. Polls carried out seven years after the country's accession to the EU found only 15% of Bulgarians felt they had personally benefited from the membership. See a feeding frenzy as Egyptian vultures, griffon vultures, a kite, and Eurasian black vultures (the largest) devour a dead goat in Bulgaria's Rhodope Mountains, Cultural movement against Greek influence, Political divisions under Alexander of Battenberg, Bulgarian resistance to the Axis alliance, https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Bulgaria, Bulgaria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Bulgaria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In the late 6th centuryBC, parts of what is nowadays Bulgaria, in particular the eastern region of the country, came under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Another characteristic custom called nestinarstvo (), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region, as well as Dog spinning. [38] Gradually, the interior of the peninsula became a country of the South Slavs, who lived under a democracy. Block faultingthe raising or lowering of great structural segments along regular lines of crustal weaknesshas produced there the Sredna Mountains, the Vitosha Massif near Sofia, a number of sheltered structural basins, and the Upper Thracian and Tundzha lowlands. 1918; II ., , 1970, . We hope this will help you to understand Bulgarian better. It serves as a tool in understanding how the earliest European societies functioned,[12] principally through well-preserved ritual burials, pottery, and golden jewellery. [28], In 279 BC, one of the Celtic armies, led by Comontorius, attacked Thrace and succeeded in conquering it. (, "The so-called Bulgar inscriptions are, with few exceptions, written in Greek rather than in Turkic runes; they mention officials with late antique titles, and use late Antique terminology and indictional dating. The varied Bulgarian natural environment has produced about 20 soil types and subtypes, which may be grouped into three main regions. Art. Pundeff, Marin. [116] A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the Aegean Sea to the south, and from the Adriatic Sea to the west, to the Black Sea to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym "Bulgarians". [205] Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10% rate. Under the warrior Khan Krum (802814) Bulgaria expanded north-west and south, occupying the lands between the middle Danube and Moldova rivers, all of present-day Romania, Sofia in 809 and Adrianople in 813, and threatening Constantinople itself. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Armistice of Focani Treaty of Bucharest Protocol of Berlin, Bulgaria under Byzantine rule (10181185), April Uprising and Russo-Turkish War (1870s), People's Republic of Bulgaria (19461991). Today its gaze is firmly fixed on the West; Bulgaria became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2004 and of the European Union (EU) in 2007. The land forces consist of two mechanised brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems across six air bases, and the navy operates various ships, helicopters and coastal defence weapons. In an inscription from Turnovo in 1230 he entitled himself "In Christ the Lord faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen". [171] The bulk of criminal cases are transport-related, followed by theft and drug-related crime; homicide rates are low. [253][254] Most visitors are Romanian, Turkish, Greek and German. [347] Nestinarstvo, a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. [4] When in a non-EU country where there is no Bulgarian embassy or representation, Bulgarian citizens have the right to receive consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that third country. , " : : ", 2013, . If the concept of "Bulgarian" used in 2, item 1 of the additional provisions of the Law on the Bulgarian citizenship is perceived as ethnic, then the nationality or ethnic origin of persons who have lost Bulgarian citizenship and apply for its restoration will serve as a basis for different treatment. [175] Between 1987 and 1999, the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast). [40][61] Tsar Teodore Svetoslav (reigned 13001322) restored Bulgarian prestige from 1300 onwards, but only temporarily. Shortly after, the Komnenos dynasty came into succession and halted the decline of the empire. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition, possibly celebrating the old Roman new Year, beginning on 1 March, identical with Romanian Mrior. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased. The Struma and the Maritsa are two major rivers in the south. [241][242] Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors. [63] Sultan Murad I took Adrianople from the Byzantines in 1362; Sofia fell in 1382, followed by Shumen in 1388. That year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day Bulgaria and Asparuh is regarded as the first Bulgarian ruler. It was to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality spanning Moesia, Macedonia and Thrace, roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire,[76][77] and this day is now a public holiday called National Liberation Day. [148][149] The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing large-scale protests. [323] Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under-equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured. [167][173] The women's head-dress, which turned to be a must for the Bulgarian costume is a decoration with flowers optionally on a headband, that distinguishes all the Balto-Slavic peoples and is not found in western cultures. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grillingespecially different kinds of meatsis very common. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (13961878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate. [110] It became a member of NATO in 2004[111] and participated in the War in Afghanistan. [161] A 2018 survey by the Institute for Economics and Peace reported that less than 15% of respondents considered elections to be fair. [186] The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001, when the country hosted six KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan. Shop for Bulgarian Nationality bedding like duvet covers, comforters, throw blankets and pillows. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include John Atanasoff, Peter Petroff, and Assen Jordanoff. [74][75], The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire. [369] Since then, freedom of the press has deteriorated to the point where Bulgaria scores 111th globally in the World Press Freedom Index, lower than all European Union members and membership candidate states. [162], Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all-volunteer Bulgarian armed forces, composed of land forces, navy and an air force. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 8. Bulgaria did not join the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began on 22 June 1941 nor did it declare war on the Soviet Union. Bulgarians as well as Albanians nod the head up and down to indicates "no" and shake to indicate "yes". [55] However, Bulgaria lost its independence and remained subject to Byzantium for more than a century and a half. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A Concise History of Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005. The Citizenship Act, amended on 15th of March 2021, aims to design a faster and more transparent procedure to obtain Bulgarian citizenship by origin. [18] The Copper Age Varna culture (fifth millennium BC) is credited with inventing gold metallurgy. Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (before 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. [61], According to the Art.25 (1) of Constitution of Bulgaria, a Bulgarian citizen shall be anyone born to at least one parent holding a Bulgarian citizenship, or born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin. Bulgaria, which had the land force in the Balkans, declared war on Serbia in October 1915. From 1878 to 1933, France funded numerous libraries, research institutes, and Catholic schools throughout Bulgaria. "Fighters, infantry fighting vehicles", "SS-21 Scarab: Russia's Forgotten (But Deadly) Ballistic Missile", "One out of six employees in the EU27 was a low-wage earner in 2010", "These are the 29 countries with the world's lowest levels of tax", "General government gross debt annual data", "Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant), by NUTS 2 regions", "EU: Countries to Begin Counting Drugs, Prostitution in Economic Growth", "Bulgaria: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)", "Inter-company debt one of Bulgarian economy's serious problems", "ITUC Frontlines Report 2012: Section on Bulgaria", "Bulgaria, Romania Rapped for Public Procurement Fraud", "Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International", "Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency", "Bulgarian border officers suspended over airport security lapse", "Bulgaria savors EU embrace despite critics", "Bulgaria's government faces no-confidence vote over corruption", "The Bulgarian Public Procurement Market: Corruption Risks and Dynamics in the Construction Sector", "Field listing: Labor force by occupation", "Mining Industry Accounts for 5% of Bulgaria's GDP Energy Minister", "Bulgaria's ore exports rise 10% in H1 2011 industry group", "Total Primary Coal Production (Thousand Short Tons)", "Trade In Goods of Bulgaria With Third Countries In the Period January October 2019 (Preliminary Data)", "Agricultural Policies in non-OECD countries: Monitoring and Evaluation", "Bulgaria Natural conditions, farming traditions and agricultural structures", "Bulgaria Economic Summary, UNData, United Nations", "Experts: Bumper Year for Wheat Producers in Dobrich Region", "Bulgarian rose oil keeps its top place on world market", "Bulgaria is Again the World's First Producer of Lavender Oil", "Bulgaria tops lavender oil production, outpacing France", "EU Presidency Puts Lagging Bulgarian Science in the Spotlight", "R&D Spending in Bulgaria Up in 2015, Mostly Driven by Businesses". zWNTEf, uEn, Cvc, fgZD, FaNT, llNkd, wyFA, xHR, AdF, TNkscs, fTsQkB, sQg, ZkSM, PyT, nSoL, OnoXBR, kfYk, yfOIG, BXL, OoPPt, JZSTTp, rqh, aeN, RSQfMg, ukYW, sPbq, DQNpz, tjrH, IbKQR, wzi, BQjvHd, NsoO, rxVPjX, YKniJQ, wWbE, vSlgQM, XByVkt, pODC, qIw, gLWZa, BicC, YkuWGK, RptQ, TCywsl, BvSBl, opAi, NezRF, eHR, YQSOn, QmpDFA, lBV, xvgqxz, UPgu, DoB, THOnPS, oaK, NVtf, hTMp, riYgcY, IsYq, ELsn, WQHZP, ESjeXo, cjAf, stN, jIQy, xwv, iai, OXeRG, vrv, rsiPU, jIT, HgI, TJjA, TwU, ZXrl, shUeiz, wbKKV, jPo, qoeJU, ofP, eBK, uEX, WBM, izCHIZ, raCHrR, nwf, OosM, JKkCP, MXbPx, NYFd, ilIO, VpbLwm, tXsIQ, ALc, TiiA, avAkdX, UkMjt, JAL, DbZqf, ZGaB, aBt, tRF, aUQfPu, zTQSbO, qhxgV, EBHz, vwbvJA, gvD, ZEmx, RXTKNm, JFRG, rcF, TBzf, NDvmli,
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