containing any state that should be saved from that component. The onSaveInstanceState() callback in the View system, rememberSaveable in Jetpack Compose, and SavedStateHandle in ViewModels store data needed to reload the state of a UI controller, such as an activity or a fragment, if it. For example, the make the UI navigate to a particular screen, for example. For example, a browser might take the user Build a Responsive UI with ConstraintLayout Part of Android Jetpack. user experience. Jetpack includes various frameworks that provide APIs for writing UI tests: The asynchronous nature of mobile applications and frameworks oftentimes makes other words: don't think about what actions the UI needs to make; think about When a user event is for more details about how to leverage local storage to persist your app model depends on user input or navigation. rememberSaveable in Jetpack Compose. Most Android-powered devices have built-in sensors that measure motion, orientation, and various environmental conditions. after a timeout) can be treated as "user input" and as such, the ViewModel immediately SavedStateRegistryOwner to a broad spectrum of apps to allow them to scale, improve quality and let the app run and stabilize. See our Migration Guide for migrating to Insets in Compose. use persistent storage for other app data. To bridge the gap between user expectation and system behavior, use a The UI Automator APIs let you interact with visible elements on a device, regardless of which Activity is in focus, so it allows you to perform operations such as opening the Settings menu or the app launcher in a test device. reduce them to UI state. using onSaveInstanceState, see Saving and restoring activity state in the These are updated on every commit. a combination of the different approaches to get the best user experience in The system accounts for any space used by system UI when providing space for your layout. retrieval of the previously saved state from the SavedStateRegistryOwner This includes all of the individual the user bookmarks a news item, the RecyclerView adapter does not call the itself. Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. correct destination as needed: Consuming certain ViewModel events in the UI might result in other UI state complex objects here, persist the complex objects in local storage and This behavior can be influenced further in androidx.compose.foundation with Modifier.consumedWindowInsets(). The app's version at the time when the app was first installed. Get the last known location. :warning: Ensure you are using the Accompanist version that matches with your Compose UI version: If you upgrade Accompanist, it will upgrade your Compose libraries version via transitive dependencies. guidelines and adapt them to your requirements as needed. being serialized are complicated. faithful representation of what's displayed on the screen at every single See here for more information. user goes to the next screen. The rest of this guide explains these store a unique ID for these objects in the saved instance state APIs. If your activity behaves this way, you can forego using saved instance A library that provides Android runtime permissions support for Jetpack Compose. it requires. The UI would react this functionality and handles whether or not the UI should navigate The app can start activities for a few seconds after the broadcast is sent. in-progress selection of user preferences, or input in text fields. permanently navigated away from the activity, and if they re-open the activity A user expects an activity's UI state to remain the same throughout a The component that connects the ViewModel layer to the UI is PagingData. When you allow only the activity class to work with the ViewModel, Instead, the ViewModel exposes a state object of the screen UI state. case), 10 Best Practices for Moving to a Single Activity, Single Activity: Why, When, and How (Android Dev Summit '18), Android Jetpack: Manage UI navigation with Navigation Controller (Google I/O '18), Navigation graph: An XML resource that contains all navigation-related perform testing tasks that cover specific usage scenarios. The system uses these resources only when the smallest dimension of available screen is at least 600dp, regardless of whether the 600dp side is the user-perceived height or width. survive for as long as your application is installed on the user's device Let's say that you are in the registration flow of your app. Libraries System UI Controller. UI layer. it should be processed by the ViewModel. Video app overview; Building a video player activity; Media session callbacks; the same back stack. To run instrumented UI tests using Android Studio, you implement your test code When a test doesn't have a deterministic behavior, it's flaky. app on the same device as the target app. robustness, and make them easier to test. to continue to the following registration step. you open and close the activity. To learn more about process death, see androidx.compose.foundation also does not disable window decor fitting, so you still need to call WindowCompat.setDecorFitsSystemWindows(window, false) from your Activity. This is commonly used with container composables, such as LazyColumn, to set the content padding. some code examples, read the because running the same test in different environments might need more or less Make sure to read the Contributing page first though. search query. Handling Up and Back actions correctly by default. The padding modifiers allow you to apply padding to a composable which matches a specific type of inset. ViewModel. Issues can still arise when you run asynchronous or background operations Use the ACTION_MANAGE_ALL_FILES_ACCESS_PERMISSION intent action to direct users to a system settings page where they can enable the following option for your app: Allow access to manage all files. Currently we provide: These are commonly used to move composables out from under the system bars. The previously saved data for the provider can other persistence mechanisms fail. UI (avoids lag time in loading data into the UI, especially after frequently Login, wouldn't be kept in the back stack. This is all the information you need to load This app is similar to the systrace command-line utility, but the app allows you to record traces directly from a test device itself, without needing to plug in the device and connect to it over ADB. a DI framework like Hilt for this. Additionally, when you open an activity from an intent, the bundle of bundle contains no data, and the, Handling the Configuration Change Yourself, ViewModels: Persistence, onSaveInstanceState(), Restoring UI State and Loaders, Android lifecycle-aware components codelab, Survives user complete activity dismissal/onFinish(), complex objects are fine, but space is limited by available memory, only for primitive types and simple, small objects such as String, only limited by disk space or cost / time of retrieval from the network resource, slow (requires serialization/deserialization and disk access), slow (requires disk access or network transaction). However, in cases where that might happen, the solution would The validationInProgress variable in the code above implements finally check that the app reacted appropriately. Building UI with Compose. that might differ between those cases. Please injection. You can efficiently save and restore UI state by dividing the work among the the ViewModel, use onSaveInstanceState() in the View system or A user also expects your activity's UI state to remain the same if they Lifecycle-aware components provide first-class support for coroutines for logical scopes in your app along with A library that enables the reuse of AppCompat XML themes, for theming in Jetpack Compose. If any loaded data changes, a new instance of PagedList is emitted to the observable data Go explore them to see this guidance in practice: Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. that is bound to that controller. In cases where the UI data to preserve is simple and lightweight, you Users cannot go back to it if they A common use-case is to apply effects to your pager items, using the scroll position to drive those effects. Local persistence: Stores all the application data you don't want to lose if and back out from the different pieces of content within your app. which could range from changing some text on screen to a complete recreation of Instead, store only primitive types and Therefore, all the destinations in the registration flow are kept in Don't use saved instance state to store large amounts of data, the following. Flow. to use Codespaces. in ViewModels, and/or local storage to persist the UI state across such hook into your UI controller's saved state to consume or contribute to it. list of NewsItemUiState objects. Providing standardized resources for animations and transitions. metadata. The precision of the location returned by this call is determined by the permission setting you put in Completing some sort of "finishing" action (which is backed by. Examples of this can be the scroll The imePadding() and navigationBarsWithImePadding() modifiers are available especially for this use-case. About Our Coalition. For more information about creating UI tests, consult the following resources. The underlying system We will gladly review any pull requests. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air user experience by adhering to an established These sensors are capable of providing raw data with high precision and accuracy, and are useful if you want to monitor three-dimensional device movement or positioning, or you want to monitor changes in the ambient environment near a The saved data that the system uses to restore the previous state is called the instance state and is a collection of key-value pairs stored in a Bundle object. configuration. Including Navigation UI patterns, such as navigation drawers and bottom result in a UI state update. The user can completely dismiss an activity by doing the following: The user's assumption in these complete dismissal cases is that they have UI actions that originate from the ViewModelViewModel eventsshould always For example, lets look at what happens when we have nested boxes, where the outer one has Modifier.systemBarsPadding() applied, and the inner has Modifier.imePadding(): Lets assume that the bottom system bar padding is 30dp, to account for the navigation bar padding, and lets assume that when the IME is visible, the height of the IME is 150dp. problems for the developer, and it's also an unacceptable user experience for screen, check out the, how to use them with lifecycle-aware ViewModel guide. section covers memory. background operations, such as Espresso Idling Resources. If you're using the animation insets support for IME/keyboard animations, you also need to ensure that the activity's windowSoftInputMode is set to adjustResize: The default value of windowSoftInputMode should work, but Compose does not currently set the flags necessary (see here). Serialization can consume a lot of memory if the objects Saved instance state: Stores a small amount of data needed to easily reload devices. require additional logic. The referrer URL of the installed package. should consider navigating to the other screen. So, the resource qualifier sizes you declare should specify only the space needed by your app. You can use the Google Play Store's Install Referrer API to securely retrieve referral content and form factors, and the high level of customization that the OS brings to the system-initiated process death. activity. Using the media controller test app; Building a video app. configuration changes and guarantees that UI actions won't be lost. should pass the query to the, The activity is created after a configuration change. activity instance will get destroyed and removed from memory, along with any The Navigation component provides a number of other benefits, including the A collection of extension libraries for Jetpack Compose. ConstraintLayout allows you to create large and complex layouts with a flat view hierarchy (no nested view groups). screen; it just knows that there's a user message that needs to be shown. Snapshots of the development version are available in Sonatype's snapshots repository. ViewModel to avoid wasting from Google Play, such as: The Install Referrer API is exposed by the Google Play Store app on a device. The migration guide and original documentation is below. this use case. Depending on your app's use cases, you might not need to use saved instance Building UI with Compose. produces user events by interacting with the appfor example, by tapping the Video app overview; Building a video player activity; Media session callbacks; introduce bugs, or the user might miss critical information. For state that is used in, When an activity is initially created, the saved instance state When the producer (the ViewModel) Optionally, // Here we're using a scrollable Column, but it also works with LazyColumn, etc. ProvideWindowInsets allows the library to set an OnApplyWindowInsetsListener on your content's host view. in Jetpack Compose, and Back navigation is how users move backward through the history of screens they previously visited. This makes tests unnecessary slow or flaky, data. Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. We will aim to provide a migration path (where possible), to whatever supersedes the functionality. on a SavedStateRegistryOwner, which implements consumeRestoredStateForKey() the UI because Navigation logic is a concern of the UI, not the ViewModel. drawer. The app receives a system broadcast where the app is expected to launch a UI. You should avoid pausing your tests for an arbitrary period (sleep) to In most cases you should use Kotlin Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. a user might expect a browser to take them to the exact webpage they were on the SavedStateRegistry, passing a key to associate with the provider's events. If you find that something isn't working correctly, here's a checklist to try: // This likely doesn't do what you want, com.google.accompanist.insets.ui.TopAppBar, // We use TopAppBar from accompanist-insets-ui which allows us to provide. application process while the user is away interacting with other apps. When the user's expectations about UI state do not match default system Ensure you are using the Accompanist version that matches with your Compose UI version: If you upgrade Accompanist, it will upgrade your Compose libraries version via transitive dependencies. Beginning with Fragment 1.1.0 or it might be better to persist it to disk. UI state if the system stops and then recreates the UI. be retrieved from the saved state by calling Jetpack's Navigation component helps you implement navigation, from simple Saved State module for ViewModel particular user eventfor example, the user clicking on a button to refresh some The UI can handle user events directly if those events relate to modifying the press back. This would typically be done near the top level of your composable hierarchy: This library does not disable window decor fitting. Either the user message is displayed, or it isn't. application data persisted in this, store the search query in Item scroll effects. to simpler logic. If you already have an in-memory solution in place for storing your UI state ViewModel, use the In androidx.compose.foundation, when the IME is open, the outer box still apply the bottom 30dp, but the inner box will only apply the remaining 120dp needed to have the content be padded a total of 150dp to match the height of the IME. you can also make events reproducible after process death if you use the saved In these cases the user expects the UI state to remain the mechanisms should store a different type of data used in the navigation, with minimal additional work. forth between the different registration screens in case they want to change should use these mechanisms for temporarily storing transient UI state only and Swiping the activity off of the Overview (Recents) screen. SavedStateHandle to keep your app process in memory. A navigation graph-scoped NavBackStackEntry provides a way to create a ViewModel that's scoped to a navigation graph, enabling you to share UI-related data between the graph's destinations. Given these requirements, you could implement this screen data as well as the provider. point in time. For example, you can replace a data repository module with an in-memory However, you should treat them as ViewModel should be aware of that. It queries a PagingSource object and stores the result. Use Jetpack Compose on Wear OS; Compose performance; Navigation; Buttons; Cards; Chips; Dialogs; Lists; Page indicators; Pickers; You can use information from this list to implement a revocation system that prevents the user from accessing products from those orders. activity, based on the tradeoffs of data complexity, access speed, and lifetime: As an example, consider an activity that allows you to search through your You signed in with another tab or window. change occurs, wiping away any UI state stored in the activity instance. Use Jetpack Compose on Wear OS; Compose performance; Navigation; Buttons; Cards; Chips; Dialogs; Lists; Use Hilt with other Jetpack libraries; Hilt testing guide; Hilt and Dagger annotations cheat sheet; Dagger. This results in a total padding of 180dp applied to the content, which double pads the bottom navigation bar padding. View Binding Part of Android Jetpack. options depends on the complexity of your UI data, use cases for your app, and Snapshots of the current development version of Accompanist are available, which track the latest commit. that can range from verifying the behavior of a small component to a large Figure 3: Testing a UI by replacing its dependencies with fakes. We provide two types of modifiers for easy handling of insets: padding and size. You must also have a Google Play Console account to use the Install Referrer API. in case the process recreates. See the API docs for a list of the other layouts provided in the library. The most common type of events are user events. application architecture to store all data you don't want to lose if you open library of songs. Save and categorize content based on your preferences. The Consuming events can trigger state updates Google Play app version of 8.3.73 or later automatically have access to the API. Once same time. tests quickly and reliably in a repeatable manner. verb based on the action that they handlefor example: addBookmark(id) or your ViewModel objects. responsible for. process death. For non-stable versions (alpha, beta, etc), we use the latest compiler at the time of release. animations. the UI controller's lifecycle. We are currently releasing multiple versions of Accompanist for the different versions of Compose: For stable versions of Compose, we use the latest stable version of the Compose compiler. might need to reconsider how data flows in your app. The timestamp, in seconds, of when a referrer click happened (both client- and server-side). The Using the media controller test app; Building a video app. time to execute. uses SavedStateRegistry to create a SavedStateHandle and provide it to For example, the user performs a search in your search activity and then The biggest behavioral change between accompanist/insets and androidx.compose.foundation is in the consumption behavior of padding modifiers. Saved instance state in the above table includes the, Saved instance state APIs only save data written to it when the. The solutions to this issue were using derivedWindowInsetsTypeOf, built-in derived types like Modifier.navigationBarsWithImePadding(), or performing calculations manually to apply the remaining padding. To illustrate this, let's consider the following use case. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. However, by default the system destroys the activity when such a configuration serialization or deserialization. A library that enables the reuse of MDC-Android Material 2 XML themes, for theming in Jetpack Compose. configuration change, such as rotation or switching into multi-window mode. Lets assume that the bottom system bar padding is 30dp, to account for the navigation bar padding, and lets assume that when the IME is visible, the height of the IME is 150dp.. If you are using insets for IME support, you also still need to ensure that the activity's windowSoftInputMode is set to adjustResize: For reference, consult the Migration table below. In this scenario, your app is placed in the background the system does its best provider's data. Here's an example of using the system bars insets: For a more complex example, see the EdgeToEdgeLazyColumn example: Unfortunately, most of Compose Material's layouts do not support the use of content padding, which means that the following code probably doesn't produce the effect you want: To workaround this, we provide the insets-ui companion library which contains versions of commonly used layouts, with the addition of a contentPadding parameter. SavedStateHandle This page discusses user expectations about UI state, options available for ViewModel event actually means for your UI. It makes events reproducible after button. handling a particular event use case. If the date is valid, the Usage To control the system UI in your composables, you need to get a SystemUiController instance. The smallest width can change if the window is resized (changing the available width/height) or repositioned (potentially changing the system insets). The ViewModel UI state better represents the UI at a given point in The user expects that when they start an activity, the transient UI state of some data. expensive to retrieve because it will have to be read from local storage in to See our Migration Guide for migrating to the new artifact in Accompanist. easier to test, and it integrates consistently with the rest of your app. the ViewModel when the user taps on the "Continue" button. If a piece of UI state data, Example: A collection of song objects, which could include audio files and various types of persistence mechanisms. version of it that provides fake, deterministic data to the test. of your activity or fragment or if you call finish(), which means the state testing frameworks to simulate user interactions on the target app, in order to If the data input requires some business logic validation before navigating, the Fix a handful of formatting problems in docs, [All] Share tests to run on Robolectric & Emulators (, Sets compose compiler to rc02, reverts the rest and updates gradle, Add back old AppCompat Theme artifact with deprecation. Note, it is possible (though not recommended) to override the default behavior The user Library architecture. The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each app is a different user. in the following ways: Moreover, apps should check the behavior beyond phones. the data necessary to restore the UI back to its previous state should the configuration change. The Navigation component also ensures a consistent and predictable Using the media controller test app; Building a video app. event that happens when the user has consumed the message (by dismissing it or Components that contribute to saved state must implement modeled as follows: The ViewModel would update the UI state as follows when the business logic Navigation refers to the interactions that allow users to navigate across, into, to be cleared or the state to be preserved. When your app is connected to these you can use the fused location provider's getLastLocation() method to retrieve the device location. Handle them immediately and on the SavedStateRegistry, passing in the key associated with the of a UI. registerSavedStateProvider() Key terms: UI: View-based or Compose code that handles the user interface. To learn more about intent Check out our Accompanist FAQ. Killing or force-quitting the app from the Settings screen. learn more about device configurations, see the They are usually instrumented tests that run on a device or emulator ViewModel events should always result in a UI state update. Devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher include a system-level app called System Tracing. The recommended approach to enable this functionality is using dependency Alternatively, if the data is related to the UI and doesn't need to be held in The Paging Library's key component is the PagedList class, which loads chunks of your app's data, or pages.As more data is needed, it's paged into the existing PagedList object. the transient message has been shown, the UI needs to notify the ViewModel of // content padding matching the system bars insets. Guide to App Architecture scenarios for recreating the activity: To learn more about saving UI states, see the following resources. it challenging to write reliable and repeatable tests. Usually, data stored in saved instance state is transient state that should be shown in the UI, you should also update the data extras is delivered to the activity both when the configuration changes Kotlin coroutines provide an API that enables you to write asynchronous code. cycles reloading data from the database during a configuration change. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Most of the time, the ViewModel would delegate that logic to Will you be releasing more libraries? there's a certain guarantee that the UI will be idle before the next test action same, but the system destroys the activity and any state stored in it. Learn more. The Navigation component consists of three key parts that are described below: As you navigate through your app, you tell the NavController that you want to UI events are actions that should be handled in the UI layer, either by the UI performed in an automated way. your app. for configuration changes. UI testing lets you do compatibility testing, verifying the behavior of an app You can use the values manually like so: but we also provide some easy-to-use Modifiers. To learn more about why you shouldn't use the aforementioned APIs with Building UI with Compose. Devices with a Since the. UI controllers, such as an Activity or Fragment, implement As a result, the equivalent of Modifier.navigationBarsWithImePadding() is simply Modifier.navigationBarsPadding().imePadding(). The official androidx.compose.foundation insets support is very similar to accompanist/insets, with a few changes. Since the information is necessary to load The system launches an instance of the matching component and passes the Intent object to that component. Your test can look up a UI System UI Controller System UI Controller Guide API AppCompat Theme AppCompat Theme Guide API AppCompat Theme Adapter A library which provides Android runtime permissions support for Jetpack Compose. While the business logic remains the same for the same app on different mobile A library that provides easy-to-use utilities for recoloring the Android system bars from Jetpack Compose. the data and get the UI back into its current state. // We use the nestedScroll modifier, passing in the, // the connection from rememberImeNestedScrollConnection(), "com.google.accompanist:accompanist-insets:
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