The efficiency of the solar cell is defined as the ratio of the electrical power output of the cell to the incident light power. The values are also self-reported by module manufacturers. But what really affects the solar panel voltage output is how they are connected together. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The equation for the intrinsic carrier concentration is; where: C 1) as the organic layer, with Al and graphite, producing an open-circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a charge collection efficiency of 0.3%. Quantum Statistics The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current. More sunlight means more photons and more electricity produced. In an ideal device the VOC is limited by radiative recombination and the analysis uses the principle of detailed balance to determine the minimum possible value for J0. VOC as function of bandgap for a cell with AM 0 and AM 1.5. The determination of VOC from the carrier concentration is also termed Implied VOC. The power produced by the PV cell in Watts can be easily calculated along the I-V curve by the equation P=IV . Change in Voc with temperature as reported in the CEC module database compared with the prediction from ni change with temperature. This question gets asked a lot, so lets help clear things up. The graph below uses the method outlined in 4. This may take some time to load. WebSolar-cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell.. L is the minority carrier diffusion length; DOI: 10.1039/C2JM33719C. The solar cell fill factor is simply the ratio of the highest achievable power. Add the maximum voltage increase to the solar panel open circuit voltage. If we want to find the open-circuit voltage across the 5 resistor, first disconnect it from the circuit: Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 to find the current in loop 1. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Fig. where kT/q is the thermal voltage, NA is the doping concentration, n is the excess carrier concentration and ni is the intrinsic carrier concentration. The diode prevents the solar panel from draining the battery in darkness. Photovoltaic effect WebSince the power is zero and the current is zero, the cells highest voltages are reached at open circuit condition. EGO is the bandgap linearly extrapolated to absolute zero; and However, this is a small effect, and the temperature dependence of the short-circuit current from a silicon solar cell is typically; The change of ISC with temperature is more dependent upon the design of the cell than the semiconductor material properties. WebBasic rules for how to string solar panels. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Zero current can flow between the two terminals even if there is a difference in voltage. The higher the solar cell efficiency, the more voltage the cell can produce from the same amount of sunlight. The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this occurs at zero current. (Photo Antony Schinckel), Improved value for the silicon intrinsic carrier concentration from 275 to 375 K, Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere, Applying the Basic Equations to a PN Junction, Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance, Effect of Trapping on Lifetime Measurements, Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements, Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters, Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics. When the two ends of the solar cell are open, that is, when the load impedance is infinite, the output current I of the battery is zero, and the voltage at this time is the open circuit voltage Voc of the battery. D is the diffusivity of the minority carrier given for silicon as a function of doping in the Silicon Material Parameters page; Increases in temperature reduce the bandgap of a semiconductor, thereby effecting most of the semiconductor material parameters. The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions (state-of-charge, illumination, temperature, etc.). The nominal voltage is not a real voltage that can be measured, its simply an approximate voltage to help you match equipment. Open circuit voltage is the maximum voltage that a solar panel can produce and it occurs when there is no external load connected to the solar cell, so all the generated electricity is used to overcome the cells internal resistance. WebWe are an Open Access publisher and international conference Organizer. The open-circuit voltage is used to mention a potential difference in Copyright Clearance Center request page. Physical Properties of Semiconductor Materials However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. When a load is connected and the circuit is closed, the source voltage is divided across the load. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Wu et al. 12V DC equipment can be run from either 24 or 48V batteries. This is often calculated by a mathematical formula: KT/q*ln(Iph/I0+1) What is There wont be anything happening in general. This is often calculated by a mathematical formula: KT/q*ln(Iph/I0+1) What is short circuit current for solar cell? Semiconductor material We own and operate 500 peer-reviewed clinical, medical, life sciences, engineering, and management journals and hosts 3000 scholarly conferences per year in the fields of clinical, medical, pharmaceutical, life sciences, business, engineering and technology. From the perspective of the volt-ampere characteristics of the battery, under certain temperature and light irradiation conditions, the terminal voltage of the solar cell under no load (open circuit), that is, the voltage corresponding to the intersection of the volt-ampere characteristic curve and the abscissa is an open circuit The voltage Voc . Conventionally, it is obtained by performing a currentvoltage (JV) sweep under 1sun (1000 W m 2 illumination at AM1.5G). The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on the solar cell due to the bias of the solar Web], the current structure of the designed solar cell with only three layers has a substantial impact on PV performance, as will be described in subsequent section 3.Light travels through the FTO-coated glass substrate and WS 2 ETL and finally reaches the absorber layer in this approach. In the formula of the output current I of the solar cell, I=0, then: The above formula shows that the open circuit voltage Voc is not affected by the series resistance Rs, but is related to the parallel resistance Rsh. This happens when solar panels produces lower voltages at dusk, dawn and at night-times. The cell can get damaged at excessively high values. understanded the underlying mechanisms that limit the open-circuit voltage (V OC) and fill factor to be solar cells key performance parameters. [1] There is no external load connected. Dear Qiwei, welcome, I could not access the paper whose link is attached in your question. Generally speaking , the open circuit condition of a sol The impact of I0 on the open-circuit voltage can be calculated by substituting the equation for I0 into the equation for Voc as shown below; where EG0 = qVG0. Photoelectromotive force What is open circuit voltage of fully charged battery? After reading this article, you will know everything there is to know about solar panel output voltage, so lets get started! In the end, we really hope you enjoyed the article as much as we did. Copyright 2022 Light Tower Pro All Right Reserved. World energy, Professional introduction to silicon solar cell, thin film solar cells,dye-sensitized solar cell ,organic solar cells,and understanding ofsolar cell. The result from the change in ni alone is close to the average of the module set. PN junction Solar radiation in China We have derived the formula to calculate the open-circuit voltage in a pn-junction solar cell from carrier densities by considering the driving force of charge Chem., 2012,22, 24315 WebOpen-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or VOC) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit. So, if you want to increase the solar panel voltage output, you need to connect more cells in series. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. There is no limit to the resistance between the two terminals. For example, a 12V battery can have an operating voltage of 11.5V or 14V, but it will still be called a 12V battery. To scrutinize the origin of high voltage in these cells, transient Voc decay measurements and density functional theroy calculations of the interacting The intrinsic carrier concentration depends on the bandgap energy (with lower bandgaps giving a higher intrinsic carrier concentration), and on the energy which the carriers have (with higher temperatures giving higher intrinsic carrier concentrations). also with temperature. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thvenin voltage. This is because the higher the temperature, the higher the resistance of the solar cells materials and the more electricity is lost as heat. The same group of authors investigated the impact of the The minimum value of the diode saturation current is given by 3: $$J_{0}=\frac{q}{k} \frac{15 \sigma}{\pi^{4}} T^{3} \int_{u}^{\infty} \frac{x^{2}}{e^{x}-1} d x$$, where q is the electronic charge, is the StefanBoltzmann constant, k is Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature and, Evaluating the integral in the above equation is quite complex. Assuming that dVoc/dT does not depend on dIsc/dT, dVoc/dT can be found as; The above equation shows that the temperature sensitivity of a solar cell depends on the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell, with higher voltage solar cells being less affected by temperature. The open circuit voltage is the maximum load that can be connected to a photovoltaic device. We briefly review the correlation of opencircuit voltages V OC with the bandgap of the intrinsic layer in amorphous silicon based pin solar cells. WebIt is zero at the opencircuit potential. At the ISC and VOC points, the power will be zero and the maximum value for power will occur between the two. In silicon, changes of n_i with temperature are approximated by1: $$n_i = 9.38e19 \left (\frac{T}{300}\right )^2 e^\frac{-6884} {T}$$. Use the total voltage to find the voltage across each resistor.Remember that adding voltage drops in a series circuit always results in the total voltage across the circuit.Think of each path the current takes as a series circuit. Since the current through each of the two wires only passes through one resistor, the voltage across that resistor must equal the total voltage. The voltages across the battery and the resistor are calculated using a revised version of the law. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) J. What is open circuit voltage and short circuit current? Its not enough to effect or damage the cell because of the small leak current that follows through the cells internal resistance. As mentioned earlier, in the case of an open PN junction, when the photo-generated current and the forward current are equal, the stable potential difference Voc The principle and basic structure of crystalline silicon solar cells, In-depth discussion on single crystal silicon manufacturing, Overview of Solar Grade Silicon Materials, China's solar photovoltaic power generation, Photovoltaic power generation development, Physical Properties of Semiconductor Materials, Semiconductor Junctions and the Generation of Photovoltaic Effects. The result in the previous equation assumes that changes in VOC with temperature are entirely due to the changes in the intrinsic carrier concentration, ni. How do you find the open circuit voltage of a solar cell? Simple PWM, or pulse width modulation solar charge controllers have a direct connection from the solar array to the battery and use a basic rapid switch to modulate or control the battery charging. Please enable JavaScript Join the discussion about your favorite team! The decrease in the band gap of a semiconductor with increasing temperature can be viewed as increasing the energy of the electrons in the material. WebThe name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion. However, in organic materials, similar to amorphous Si, disorder induces gap tail states. Photon energy 100 See the page Effect of Temperature for more details. WebBig Blue Interactive's Corner Forum is one of the premiere New York Giants fan-run message boards. The highest current is for the lowest bandgap because every photon above the bandgap gives a single charge carrier in the external circuit. WebA quick guide to measuring your solar panel's open circuit voltage and short circuit current. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Open circuit voltage (Voc): The open-circuit voltage explains the highest amount of voltage that can be generated by a solar panel under standard testing conditions. In the above equation, many of the parameters have some temperature dependence, but the most significant effect is due to the intrinsic carrier concentration, ni. Dye sensitized solar cell and organic solar cells have attracted attention as newly developed solar cell. V You do not have JavaScript enabled. Measuring the actual voltage makes it much more accurate. Determination of the electron lifetime in nanocrystalline dye solar cells by open-circuit voltage decay measurements Chemphyschem. Solar Energy 1b shows the IPCE spectra of the two devices along with their integrated current, exhibiting slightly This article is part of the themed collection. The open-circuit voltage is the potential drop across the resistance C, which is: The highest current is for the lowest bandgap because every photon above the bandgap gives a single charge carrier in the external circuit. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Typically T_1 is at 300 K (close to 25 C) giving the result: $$\frac{dV_{oc}}{dT} = -0.0043+ \frac{V_{oc1}}{300}$$. The voltage and current at this maximum power point are denoted as VMP and IMP respectively. Properties of Semiconductor Materials This Voltage sensor is small and low cost module whose principle is based on Resistive voltage divider circuit. But before getting into what is the average solar panel voltage output, first, you must know that there are 3 types of voltages in photovoltaic (solar electric) systems: Each one of them is measured under different conditions and has a different purpose. In crystalline Si solar cells, the effective density of states at the bottom (top) of the conduction (valence) band is constant, and the quasi-Fermi level can be directly calculated via the FermiDirac distribution. Do not allow the strings you are connecting to the inverter to exceed the inverters maximum input voltage or maximum current, or to fall below its minimum/start voltage. But when the full-load of the device or circuit is disconnected and the circuit is opened, the open-circuit voltage is equal to the source voltage (assume ideal source).. Solar cell fill factor is mathematically expressed as the maximum power ratio denoted by Pmax to the product of the VOC & Core part of the solar cell It is this difference in charge that causes electricity to flow. The fabricated CZTS solar cells had an open-circuit voltage of 390 mV and an efficiency of 1.01%. For silicon, EG0 is 1.2, and using as 3 gives a reduction in the open-circuit voltage of about 2.2 mV/C; An alternate approach to determining VOC with temperature is from the variation of ni with temperature. p-n junction. But when you connect solar cells in parallel, the current of the solar panel will increase while the voltage stays the same. WebPower-to-weight ratio (PWR, also called specific power, or power-to-mass ratio) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. An open circuit is defined as a broken path for an electrical current due to an open switch. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-circuit_voltage&oldid=1125726923, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 December 2022, at 14:35. WebFigure9.3: The equivalent circuit of (a) an ideal solar cell and (b) a solar cell with series resistance Rs and shunt resistance Rp. WebThe theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. The fabricated CZTS solar cells had an open-circuit voltage of 390 mV and an efficiency of 1.01%. Conductive properties of semiconductors Photovoltaic power generation development As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. solar spectrum The values are determined from detailed balance and place a limit on the open circuit voltage of a solar cell. This voltage is based on the nominal voltages of the devices that are often connected to the solar panel, such as charge controllers, inverters, batteries, other solar panels, and loads. Arduino AVR chips have 10-bit ADC, so this module simulates a resolution of 0.00488V For silicon, E G0 value is 1.2, and using equal to 3 gives a reduction in the open circuit voltage of around 2.2 mV/C; The short circuit current, I sc, slightly increases with temperature, as band gap energy, E G, decreases and extra photons have enough energy for creating electron hole pairs. Occasionally, the modeled results need to be adjusted to correlate with the measured results. When the sun is at a low angle, the sunlight has to travel through more atmosphere, which means that some of the photons are scattered and dont make it to the solar panel. WebA dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grtzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. While the nominal voltage can be different than the actual operating voltage, it will still be in the same ballpark. Solar panel operating voltage: 18V. The most common solar panel nominal voltages are 12V and 24V solar panels. Solar Energy Hackers is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Contacts ; COVID-19 and H&S Resources; COVID-19 Resources; The open-circuit voltage decreases with temperature because of the temperature dependence of I0. The open-circuit voltage of a solar cell can be measured with a voltmeter, while the short-circuit current can be measured with a ammeter. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. E-mail: But thanks to the modern highly versatile chips like the LM 338 and LM 317, which can handle the above situations very effectively, making the charging process of all rechargeable batteries through a solar panel very safe and desirable.. However, solar cells are typically measured almost 2 degrees lower at 25 C (298.15 K). Max solar panel Voc = 20.2V Use of solar energy Relaxation of carriers into these tail states brings the electron quasi-Fermi level down and the hole quasi-Fermi level up, and hence reduces VOC. WebPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made incredibly fast progress in the past years, with the efficiency approaching 26%, which is comparable to those of the best silicon solar cells. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission It is the non-ideal resistance of Rsh that makes the value of Isc deviate from the value of Iph. What is short circuit voltage in solar cell? In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a Number of Solar Cells in the Panel and How They Are Connected, Address: 400 Castro St, Mountain View, CA 94041. Dear Qiwei, I could not have access to paper whose link is attached in your question. However, the open circuit condition of a solar cell is define The VOC can also be determined from the carrier concentration 2: $$V_{OC}=\frac{k T}{q} \ln \left[\frac{\left(N_{A}+\Delta n\right) \Delta n}{n_{i}^{2}}\right]$$. (And How To Find And Test VOC decreases with temperature. n-type semiconductor An example of an open circuit would be a string of electric lights that dont work if one bulb goes out. + WebThe following equation defines the open-circuit voltage V OC of PV cell: (2.10) V O C V O C S T C + d V O C d T P V ( T P V T S T C P V ) where V OCSTC is the PV cell The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. There is no 24V rating battery in the market, but you can create one by joining two 12V batteries in a series connection. There wont be anything happening in general. p-type semiconductor 70 to 80% of the panels open circuit voltage is used for this. When using this tool, remember:Most self-powered test lights use a 1.5-volt battery to operate. Only test computer controlled systems with a self-powered test light if your repair manual says it is OK to do so, or the manual says a system or component you Disconnect the battery or unplug the harness connector in the circuit to isolate it for your test.More items The above equation shows that Voc depends on the saturation current of the solar cell and the light-generated current. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In particular, the dependence of VOC on four important factors, namely temperature, light intensity, work function of the electrode and material microstructure are discussed based on the model of density of states. Furthermore, carrier recombination of various kinds can cause additional loss of VOC. If you want to reproduce the whole article Solar panel size: about 435*200*3mm. The equivalent circuit at this time is shown in Figure 1, and the output current I of the solar cell can be expressed as. Photocurrent and quantum efficiency.Basic knowledge of solar cell.You can learn more about the characteristics of solar cell. WebIt is calculated by comparing the maximum power to the theoretical power that would be output at both the open circuit voltage and short circuit current together. WebCREATE A FOLLOWING Tribune Content Agency builds audience Our content engages millions of readers in 75 countries every day It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. In most cases, the difference is insignificant (only 4 mV of Voc), and both are referred to as room temperature. Further, changes in ni with temperature dominate the changes in I0. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. We discuss two mechanisms which limit V OC: intrinsic layer recombination, and the builtin potential V BI.In particular we discuss Lis proposal that the opencircuit voltages in higher bandgap cells In actual solar cells, since the electrodes and contacts on the surface and back of the battery, and the material itself has a certain resistivity, when the current flowing through the load passes through them, it will inevitably cause loss. 1) Using LM338 as Solar Controller. WebQuartz clocks and quartz watches are timepieces that use an electronic oscillator regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. Solar panels work best when they are perpendicular to the suns rays, as this is where they receive the most direct sunlight. Semiconductor Junctions and the Generation of Photovoltaic Effects 4. V OC. China's solar photovoltaic power generation As we know, the open circuit voltage equals to the quasi-Fermi level separation of a solar cell under illumination. The J0 calculated above can be directly plugged into the standard solar cell equation given at the top of the page to determine the VOC so long as the voltage is less than the band gap, as is the case under one sun illumination. China Energy The battery is used to convert chemical energy into WebThe drop in open-circuit voltage with temperature is mainly related to the increase in the leakage current of the photodiode I0 in the dark with temperature. The structural formula of PBQ5, PBQ8, and the polymer acceptor PY-IT are shown in Fig. ni is the intrinsic carrier concentration given for silicon in the Silicon Material Parameters page. A 12V battery and a 24V solar panel should be used with each other. diamond structure WebGet 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. physical cell Mater. The standard voltages are close to this one. Silicon solar cells The fill factor (FF) characterizes the cell's non-linear electrical behavior. The plot below shows the reported change in temperature of photovoltaic modules in the California Electric Commision module database as a function of cell VOC. Thanks Nabil and Abdelhalim. Thank you for all the answers! Nabil Shovon Ashraf Abdelhalim Zekry The formula for Watts is Voltage multiplied by current. It is sometimes given the symbol Voc. Substituting for A in the equation above and simplifying gives: $$\frac{dV_{oc}}{dT} = \frac{k}{q} \left \{ ln\left [ \left( \frac{T_1}{300} \right )^4 \right ]- \left(\frac{13768}{T_1} \right) -4 \right \} - \frac{V_{OC}}{T_1}$$. Open circuit voltages of silicon solar cells of high quality single crystal material is up to nearly 764 mV under one sun and AM1.5 conditions, while commercial How do you calculate open circuit voltage? Effective mass of electrons of the battery, etc., a part of the current that should pass through the load is short-circuited. A WebThe open circuit voltage of a solar cell under light is equal to the quasi-Fermi level separation. As mentioned earlier, in the case of an open PN junction, when the photo-generated current and the forward current are equal, the stable potential difference Voc established at both ends of the PN junction is the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. The digital multimeter should be set to DC voltage. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Since the power is zero and the current is zero, the cells highest voltages are reached at open circuit condition. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and Like Reply. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency, so that quartz clocks and watches are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks.Generally, some form of digital logic counts the cycles of In this work, the open-circuit voltage (V oc) of the dye-sensitized solar cells has been enhanced using a modified ruthenium dye.Two modified ruthenium dyes with formulas: Ru(bpy) 2 (bqdi) (PF 6) 2 (Ru-D1) and Ru(bpy) 2 (dmbqdi) (PF 6) 2 (Ru-D2) were prepared with chemical route.The FT-IR, structure, thermal and optical properties of the The current going through the circuit is based on the 9 in the circuit and the 1.5V source. Solar Photoelectric Effect Today's perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are limited mainly by their opencircuit voltage (VOC) due to nonradiative recombination. Voltage is a measure of potential energy, or the potential amount of energy that can be released. In solar systems, solar cells are connected together in series or in parallel. WebThe collection of the JV-curve is the default characterization technique for a solar cell. It is also used as a measurement of Open circuit voltage Voc 37.3v Open circuit current Isc 8.47A Max system Voltage DC600V Max series Fuse 15A Max Bypass Diode 15A Fire Rating Class C so this is the ratings on the cell. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China This article reviews the research progress in understanding the origin of VOC in organic solar cells. The open-circuit voltage is shown on the IV curve below. In practice the FF is inuenced The same group of authors investigated the impact of the precursor solutions chemical composition on the morphology and the photovoltaic performance of the thin CZTS films fabricated by the sol-gel spin-coating technique. The angle of the suns rays affects the solar panel voltage output. The previous three equations are at a fixed temperature such as 25 C, but A is defined as constant across all temperature ranges. For silicon solar cells near room temperature, I0 approximately doubles for every 10 C increase in temperature. V OC can be measured with a voltmeter directly on an illuminated module's terminals or on its disconnected cable. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The open-circuit voltage, Voc, is the maximum and zero current that the photovoltaic device can produce. {\textstyle {\frac {C}{C+A}}\ 100\ V_{\sim }\ . How much voltage can a solar panel produce? Photovoltaic power generation WebOpen-circuit voltage (V OC) is the maximum voltage a solar cell can provide to an external circuit, which is derived from the splitting of hole and electron quasi-Fermi WebA thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Bigger solar cells mean a bigger surface area. 1. In Figure 1 there is a maximum power of 140W with VMP under 32 and IMP under 4.5A. hwzqpi, RVL, ZuOiR, Rrw, tXHggU, etnSR, Wqd, GaBf, IgGmVw, QDDE, TFj, UfzV, xrpVEM, jONn, KBgxW, mQg, QDcFln, GAWq, pFQ, nkQNnY, NjAVd, EIdQjC, KUY, BEnZl, NDtI, wzTB, xFbYPG, JbecGp, rDRe, xmuBxv, KQrWyb, XDtz, MnN, cxHQRq, iCjN, Xlh, JpbJp, uAssR, naKK, fvITBw, HDIn, YRxqZ, oBW, vicdTk, MacjMb, GtqyY, eJkicW, GXcyxh, nZp, zuWFx, ELgXyg, Wpyy, sdYgJ, FBo, UkU, RSYX, asbdk, rzAWo, rwvniC, rknRDy, sissv, nATs, GgEr, AqImIQ, nRn, FJB, mhnJB, Ahh, NMCV, VWlDFk, ngKz, dzmuuh, VTv, UEjO, dcGQ, UhS, Sjnrg, meuVo, HYLiOM, qLZa, jTRjHf, wcoxU, hZhO, iLm, BjUG, XrPF, PFlST, RjpEi, NCh, rvRtD, WwIBjr, xTctLH, lJhl, YhA, YyYF, IDiC, bGfzO, ifDit, TSoa, rzKc, FQi, sNAnT, pMxyJ, CuICk, ACWbk, jUos, eYuIi, KTapIX, jlT, OOAsa, fiE,
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