[141][142][143] Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. It is strange to read such an expansive history book and realise there is no real theme to the book. The Great Sea is a disciplined focus of the history of humanity in the context of the Mediterranean. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the Gulf of Trieste near Monfalcone in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the Gulf of Sidra near the Libyan town of El Agheila. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or Erythrean ("red") invasion. The Tyrrhenian Sea is located off Italy's western coast and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. There were 80 percent fewer sea worms in the trawled region and only half as much diversity of species in the trawled seafloor.[160]. Upon reaching the Levantine Sea, the surface waters having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial Atlantic state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). (ha-yam ha-gadhol):1. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between galleys. A study showed that climate change-related exceptional marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea during 20152019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years. Details about THE GREAT SEA A Human History of the Mediterranean See original listing. 99%. [13], "The Great Sea by David Abulafia review", "The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean by David Abulafia review", "The Great Sea by David Abulafia: review", Richard Bosworth review, Times Higher Education Supplement, Jane Liddell-King review, Jewish Chronicle, " A great wine-dark sea of crises. The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions (and associated foldings and subductions) that occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs (34 to 5.33 mya); see animation: Africa-Arabia colliding with Eurasia. Fewer Egyptians can speak French, Italian, Spanish, and German. The typical Mediterranean climate has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. It was the largest sheet of water with which the Hebrews had any acquaintance. Many diatomites are found underneath the evaporite deposits, suggesting a connection between their[clarification needed] formations. [86] Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P). Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligo- trophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment. [26], The 163km (101mi) long artificial Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same.[27][28]. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. [111] The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. The Mediterranean is also plagued by marine debris. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for THE GREAT SEA A Human History of the Mediterranean at the best online prices at eBay! The term "Mediterranean" is derived from the Latin "mediterraneus" which means 'inland', and from Latin words Medius (Middle) and Terra (Earth as in soil). [127] Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30cm (12in) and 100cm (39in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.050.1C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity. Here, at least, "ships of Tarshish" were wont to set out upon their adventurous voyages (Jonah 1:3). [74] According to climate projections, the Mediterranean Sea could become warmer. The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. Moutin, T., Van Wambeke, F., and Prieur, L. (2012). The Battle of Djerba (1560) marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranean. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. [128], Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization. Read more about Egypt travel visa. [91][92], The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. The most well-known of these seas are the Alboran Sea, the Balearic Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean Sea. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. However, the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea, while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean. The coastline of the Mediterranean sea extends for 27,600 miles (46,000 kilometers). Temporarily the east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the Byzantine Empire formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the Roman Empire. 7 Days Cairo & Hurghada tour packag Egypt Tours Portal team is a highly qualified group of Egyptologists, Archaeologists, historians, world travelers, content creators, digital marketers, and explorers who dedicate all their time and energy to preserving and showcasing the vast history and mysteries of the ancient Egyptians that traces back to more than 5000 years across their most famous destinations that hold an incredible number of monuments and attractions. Considrations sur le paradoxe nutritionnel de la mer mditerrane. Most of the popular expansive history books (think Sapiens, think GGS, etc.) [111], The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. It has been called "The Incubator of the Western Civilization". What Is the Top Traditional Egyptian Food? Approximately 370,000,000t (360,000,000 long tons) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250300 oil tankers crossing the sea every day. It was the largest sheet of water with which the Hebrews had any acquaintance. Situated at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea has been for millenia the place where religions, economies, and political systems met, clashed, influenced and absorbed one another. That being said, I was rather amazed by how the author still managed to not only give an overview, but give . Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18(1). 2008. "The Great Sea" ranges stupendously across time and the whole extraordinary space of the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Jaffa, Venice to Alexandria. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 merchant vessels of more than 100 tonnes cross the Mediterranean Sea each yearabout one-third of the world's total merchant shipping. in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020. Darius's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass each other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse. Wear whatever feels right and comfortable. Oceanologica Acta, 3(1): 135141. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal functions as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. Jang, Y. C., Lee, J., Hong, S., Choi, H. W., Shim, W. J., & Hong, S. Y. [107] Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth's orbital variations in the past. You will feel safe in Egypt as the current atmosphere of the country is quite peaceful after the government took powerful measures like restructuring the entire tourist police to include all the important and tourist attractions in Egypt. Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth[clarification needed], causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as sea turtles and monk seals. [67] LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and South Italian coasts. Egypt Tours Portal was established in 1987 and we have more than 33 years of experience in the field of tourism in Egypt. 15. What are the Best Activities to Do in Egypt? David Samuel Harvard Abulafia is a British historian with a particular interest in Italy, Spain and the rest of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. 4 days Cairo Egypt Tour packagewill be the k 5 Days Cairo and Alexandria Tour Package For American Travelers [48] In the table below are listed the ten largest by size. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the Nile being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea. [146], The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh,[147] largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans. The Mediterranean Sea has a water surface of 2,200,000 sq kilometres (970,000 sq miles) a coastline of 46,000 km ( 29,000 miles ) and an average depth of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). 1.5 tons of copper ingots found in the ship were used to estimate its age. Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N: P ratios. [159] Other research found trawled canyon sediments contained 52 percent less organic matter than the undisturbed seafloor. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya;[100] see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right. [111] The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern Enlightenment. 168 p. Politische Geographien Europas: Annherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strver, LIT Verlag Mnster, 2005, p. 43, FJ, Hilgen. While not as intense as the "Lessepsian" movement, the process may be of scientific interest and may, therefore, warrant increased levels of monitoring. The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. Nature, 347(6294): 660662. [24], Italy was particularly affected by the European migrant crisis. Most of the water found anywhere between 50 and 600 m deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. Bthoux, J. P., Gentili, B., Raunet, J., and Tailliez, D. (1990). [38] The basin of the Rhne is the largest and extends up as far north as the Jura Mountains, encompassing areas even on the north side of the Alps. It is a great sea of the Atlantic Ocean that is totally enclosed by the land of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the north, south, and east. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River. 2015. Unlike the vast open oceans, the sea's closed position facilitates effective naval and rescue missions[citation needed], considered the safest[citation needed] and regardless of[clarification needed] any man-made or natural disaster. The cool and relatively low-salinity Atlantic water circulates eastwards along the North African coasts. change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios. [64] Read more about the best places to visit in Egypt. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight. Azote ou phosphore? See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 17931815" (2013). Almost 200 species of bacteria colonize microfibers in the Mediterranean Sea, including one that causes food poisoning in humans, according to a new study led by Maria Luiza Pedrotti of Sorbonne . On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean). On the west: A line joining the extremities of, On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. The Sea in the New Testament:The boy Jesus, from the heights above Nazareth, must often have looked on the waters of the great sea, as they broke in foam on the curving shore, from the roots of Carmel to the point at Acre. You will live the vacation you deserve as Egypt has everything you could possibly imagine. Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Branger, K., Deltel, C., and Drobinski, P. (2011). [150], Plastics accumulate because they do not biodegrade in the way many other substances do. The sea was opened as a commerce highway by the merchants who were getting their goods from Phoenicia and the rest of the world. It can be asserted nowadays that due to its recurrence, mobility and wide geographical extent, industrial trawling has become a major force driving seafloor change and affecting not only its physical integrity on short spatial scales but also imprinting measurable modifications to the geomorphology of entire continental margins. Explore the allure and wonders of the red sea in the magical city resorts of Egypt like Hurghada and many more by diving and snorkeling in the marine life or Hurghada. In the, On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily (, On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin, A 30cm (12in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77sqmi) of the, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 12:07. [3][4] The Mediterranean Sea encompasses a vast number of islands, some of them being of volcanic origin. A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Leppkoski, E. et al. Another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of Islam, which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent, the Arabs, under the Umayyads, controlled most of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores. Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Credit: Margaritaprounia /Wikimedia Commons/ CC BY-SA 3.0. [157] A species of particular concern is the slow growing, deep water coral Lophelia pertusa. David Abulafia's new book about the Mediterranean Sea, The Great Sea, has everything a major work of history requires.An important theme, solid research, magnificent writing and a perceptive insight into human nature figure prominently in the pages of his . in southern and northern Italy. The Red sea has a Maximum temperature of 28 C (82 F), and a Miniature temperature of 12 C (54 F). Names of the Sea:This is the name given to the Mediterranean, which formed the western boundary of Palestine (Numbers 34:6 Joshua 15:12, 47 Ezekiel 47:19; Ezekiel 48:28). Ezekiel 47:20 The west side shall be the great sea, from the south border as far as over against the entrance of Hamath. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare Eurafrika for the later impact and Desertec for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).[106]. Accordingly, the Mediterranean basin consists of several stretched tectonic plates in subduction which are the foundation of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is known to have clear blue water because most of the nutrients are located in the bottom layers of the sea, but the algae can be found in the top layers, as it needs the sun to shine, and light to fully grow. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of alien species into the Mediterranean. Deep Sea Research Part A. MOROCCO. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea. All our teammates have vast experience from more than 5 to 15 years in the field of creating the most incredible Egypt Egypt tours & vacation packages, Egypt Nile cruises, Egypt day tours & excursions, and Egypt shore excursions that have won the praise of all our client as shown by own clients on TripAdvisor. Ocean Sciences, 11(5): 759778, Uitz, J., Stramski, D., Gentili, B., DOrtenzio, F., and Claustre, H. (2012). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean is a book by the British historian David Abulafia. Professional tour guides, who work in the tourism sector, are equipped to handle visitors who cannot speak Arabic and they will speak enough English and other languages to fulfill the needs of all our clients. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. David Abulafia's, It is strange to read such an expansive history book and realise there is no real theme to the book. The clash marked the final showdown between the Spanish and Ottoman empires. You should pack everything you could ever need in a small bag so you could move easily between your destinations. Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlanticso much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow submarine current of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. [83], Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. : Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios", "Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid", "IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species", "Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East", "Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict", "Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change", "Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change", "Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International", "Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. While in the Roman age large enterprises such as the latifundia took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. [37] These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000m3/s (35,000cuft/s). Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Free shipping for many products! When floating plastic particles photodegrade down to zooplankton sizes, jellyfish attempt to consume them, and in this way the plastic enters the ocean food chain. Arabic is the official language and Most Egyptians, who live in the cities, speak or understand English or at least some English words or phrases. Coastal areas have submarine karst springs or vruljas, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.[96][97]. Why would an articulate historian write such a well-researched book that summarises 1000s of years of history, without having an overarching theme to be supported by all that effort? In Africa from the east side to the west side, there are Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, and Morocco. Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. I was desperately checking how many pages I had left already by page 600 or so. Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations: MEDITERRANEAN SEA BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe. The residence time of water in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change. The history of the Mediterranean is essential to understand the origin story and the development of many ancient and modern societies. The stable marine ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea and sea temperature provides a nourishing environment for life in the deep sea to flourish while assuring a balanced aquatic ecosystem excluded from any external deep oceanic factors. You will be surprised to know that there are 47 shark species alive living in the Mediterranean Sea. The region around Vesuvius including the Phlegraean Fields Caldera west of Naples are quite active[115] and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades.[116]. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2C (55.8F). In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Mediterranean remains very warm even in late September. Its deepest point is the Calypso Deep situated in the Ionian Sea, at 5,267 metres (17,280 ft). Name all the Hetalia characters. The width of the Mediterranean Sea is 1600 km with an average depth of 1500m (4900 ft) and its maximum depth is 5267 m (7280 ft). This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations[of what?]. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 marine species in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine biodiversity in coastal areas, continental shelves, and decreases with depth.[108]. The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea. That sea was opened as a commerce highway by the merchants who were getting their goods from Phoenicia. Spatio-temporal variability of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean colour data of SeaWiFS. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby Carpathian foredeep during the Middle Miocene, and the adjacent Red Sea Basin (during the Late Miocene), and in the whole Mediterranean basin (during the MSC and the Messinian age). What are Special Advice for Foreign Women in Egypt? Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52(2223): 30903108. THE GREAT SEA A Human History of the Mediterranean: Condition:--not . 6 days Cairo, Luxor & Aswan tour Amazing 7 Days Cairo and Hurghada Holiday for American Travelers [39] The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the Pyrenees, Alps, and Balkan Mountains, which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe. Unlike the vast multidirectional ocean currents in open oceans within their respective oceanic zones; biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea is that of a stable one due to the subtle but strong locked nature of currents which affects favourably, even the smallest macroscopic type of volcanic life form. If you are in Cairo ride a white taxi to move faster or you could board the fastest way of transportation in Egypt metro if the roads are in rush hour. The westernmost point of the Mediterranean is located at the transition from the Alborn Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, the easternmost point is on the coast of the Gulf of Iskenderun in southeastern Turkey. In this work of a lifetime dedicated grandly "a la memoria de mis antecesores", David Abulafia surveys a Mediterranean world from a hunters' camp near Rome, set up "435,000 years before the present", until now.Two generations ago, Fernand Braudel used the techniques of the Annales School to delineate "the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II" and, given his preference for the longue . Joshua 15:12 The west border was to the shore of the great sea. Now available in paperback, The Great Sea is the definitive account of perhaps the most vibrant theater of human interaction in history. Redfield demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. ", "African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals", "Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014", "Sea of Crete | sea, Greece | Britannica", "Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system", "The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting", United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity", "Mediterranean Sea | Facts, History, Islands, & Countries", "The Mediterranean a sea surrounded by land | WWF", Institut de recherche pour le dveloppement, "Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Costa del Sol", "Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Spain", "Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages France", "Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Neapolitan Riviera", "Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Malta Malta", "Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Venetian Riviera", "Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Greece Greece", "Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Crete Crete", "Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages - Antalya Coast - Turkey", "Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Cyprus", "Mercin (alternate names - Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages - Turkey", "Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Israel", "Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Egypt", "Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (19861997)", "Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO, "Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO, "Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species", "Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea", "Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis", "Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240612581_The_Messinian_Salinity_Crisis_from_Mega-Deposits_to_Microbiology_-_A_consensus_report_Overview, "Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity", "Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis", "Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case", "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis", "UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'", Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review), "Super volcano", global danger, lurks near Pompeii, "Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the Levantine Sea. The present-day Atlantic gateway, the Strait of Gibraltar, originated in the early Pliocene via the Zanclean Flood. In Asia, are the Ceyhan and Seyhan, both on the south side of the Taurus Mountains. Recently, scientists have uncovered nanoplastics in heavy snow, more specifically about 3000 tons that cover Switzerland yearly. Israel and the Sea:It bulked large in the minds of the landsmen-for Israel produced few mariners-impressing itself upon their speech, so that "seaward" was the common term for "westward" (Exodus 26:22 Joshua 5:1, etc.). Its gleaming mirror, stretching away to the sunset, could be seen from many an inland height.2. [33][34][35] The longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the Nile, which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. Nicholls, R.J.; Klein, R.J.T. Official Links Avalanche Press - Great War at Sea: Mediterranean (www.avalanchepress.com) Additional Suggestions Language Dependence Its total area is 970,000 square miles (2,500,000 sq km) and its greatest depth is located off the coast of Greece at around 16,800 feet (5,121 m) deep. This really, really long. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats by erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranean coasts. Dubbed the Betic and Rifian corridors, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times. Once only in His journeyings, so far as we know, did He approach the sea, namely on His ever-memorable visit to the "borders of Tyre and Sidon" (Matthew 15:21 Mark 7:24). For the entire region, the Sea itself was the most important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Semitic, Phoenician, Persian, Greek Carthaginian, and Roman cultures. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal[121] have raised concerns from marine biologists, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and lead to even more species passing through the canal. (2005). '[130] To be able to actually see the places and artifacRead More. Egypt Lifts All COVID-19-related Restrictions on Arrivals -. This article's main goal is to offer every traveler all the information and facts surrounding the heavenly Mediterranean Sea. We have defined the word of professionalism throughout the tours that we have arranged through the past years as it is not just business to us but it is a matter of proving to the whole world that we are the best travel agency in the middle east who can arrange perfect well-organized tours in Egypt with the whole required element to make it one of its kind. [144] There are various types of ocean plastics causing problems to marine life. [11], The Crusades led to flourishing of trade between Europe and the outremer region. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter convection fueled by intense cold winds like the Bora. Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Even today, the Mediterranean Sea is able to have a strong effect on the economies of the entire earth. During the hot months of summer, a soft breeze from the water springs up at dawn, fanning all the seaward face of the Central Range. This strong summer degassing, combined with the prolonged and pronounced stratification results in the formation of aragonite crystals abiotically in the water column. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. Two cold seas off the coast of Alaska, nearly 3,000 miles from Michigan, appear to increasingly hold the key to how much the Great Lakes will ice over in winter, according to new . The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe. The Western Roman Empire collapsed around 476 AD. 0:58. A part of the surface water does not pass the Strait of Sicily, but deviates towards Corsica before exiting the Mediterranean. The ships on this sea figure in the beautiful vision of Isaiah (60:8).See ACCO; JOPPA.4. Behold the mesmerizing western desert by a safari trip under the heavenly Egyptian skies. [122], In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become noticeable. At about that time in the middle Jurassic period (roughly 170million years ago[dubious discuss]) a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the Neotethys, was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western (Arabian) end. All of our tours are customized by Travel, Financial & Time consultants to fit your every possible need during your vacation. GREAT SEA. Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the man-made geopolitical conflicts[clarification needed] in the region. [69][70][71], Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an anticyclonic ocean gyre observed in the northern part of the Ionian Sea, off the Greek coast. The ancient Greek referred to the Mediterranean sea "h thlassa" which is Greek for "the Sea", "h megl thlassa" which is Greek for "the Great Sea", "h hmetr thlassa" which is Greek for "Our Sea", and "h thlassa h kathhms" which is Greek for "the sea around us. [68], Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. The coast line offered little facility for the making of harbors. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The sea has a maximum depth of 12,418 feet. The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that 650,000,000t (720,000,000 short tons) of sewage, 129,000t (142,000 short tons) of mineral oil, 60,000t (66,000 short tons) of mercury, 3,800t (4,200 short tons) of lead and 36,000t (40,000 short tons) of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranean each year. What Are the Finest Destinations to Visit in Egypt? It is estimated that every year between 100,000t (98,000 long tons) and 150,000t (150,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. (1995). Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the Ionian Sea and south of the Aegean. The Mediterranean basin and sea system were established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the Eurasian continent. Biogeosciences, 6(2): 139148. [118] The GreekTurkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in zmir and Athens in 1999. Although they are rare, tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea, typically in SeptemberNovember. Last edited on 10 December 2022, at 12:07, Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I, List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea, Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean, Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea, Category:Channels of the Mediterranean Sea, List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea, Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub, "Microsoft Word ext_abstr_East_sea_workshop_TLM.doc", "Researchers predict Mediterranean Sea level rise Headlines Research European Commission", "Archaeologists discover 3,600-year-old shipwreck that sunk in a storm", "Turkish archaeologists discover world's 'oldest' Bronze Age shipwreck off Antalya coast", "Turkey: 3,600-year-old shipwreck found in Mediterranean", Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks, "History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived", The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders, "Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action", "Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard', "Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground", "Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015", "What will Italy's new government mean for migrants? In 2003, the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about the widespread drift net fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals such as the spiny squat lobster. Also including longitudal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational Gulf of Trieste and the Libyan coastline of Gulf of Sidra is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200mi). and Zenetos, A. [12] Genoa, Venice and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. The Byzantines in the mid-8th century retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. [98] In the late Miocene the closure of the Betic Corridor triggered the so-called "Messinian salinity crisis" (MSC), characterized by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence - with salt deposits up to 2km thick in the Levantine sea - and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basincreating the Strait of Gibraltar and causing the Zanclean floodat the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis. Summary and overview of the CYCLOPS P addition Lagrangian experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean. With the opening of the lockless Suez Canal in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. Some of the greatest civilizations ever created in the history of mankind can be found on the shored of the Mediterranean Sea which it provides water route which in turn provided trade, food, scientific & culture exchange plus colonization and war. [65] Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about 1 m per year. David Abulafia's "The Great Sea" is the first complete history of the Mediterranean from the erection of the mysterious temples on . The Mediterranean Sea was referred to by the ancient Egyptians by many such as Wadj-wr/Wadj-Wer/Wadj-Ur due to the existence of papyrus forests. Known as ghost nets, these entangle fish, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration, infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites. deep water. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition, as well as Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and they are outside their normal area of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region. There was a resident population of orcas in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. Unless a reader is only looking to be informed in a general way about what he is reading, it is the argumentative flow that keeps him/her engaged. The Mediterranean response to different spacetime resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations. The Climate of the Mediterranean Sea is known to have wet winters and hot, dry summers. The autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, The Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, The Gaza Strip (governed by the Palestinian National Authority), The sovereign base area of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Some species are Angel shark, Blue Shark, Great white shark, Great Hammerhead, Scalloped Hammered, Thresher Shark, and many more! The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(8) :L08707. The, A woman and a boy collecting plastic waste at a beach during a cleanup exercise, Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis, Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna, Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea, Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). 61%. 0:06. The book has been critically acclaimed and received the Mountbatten Literary Award from the Maritime Foundation, and the British Academy Medal. Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea. [155] Also, the repetitive passage of trawling gear over the same areas creates long-lasting, cumulative impacts that modify the cohesiveness and texture of sediments. The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II. Israel and the Sea: Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.[13]. [151] In marine environments, photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever-smaller pieces while remaining polymers, even down to the molecular level. In this brilliant and expansive book, David Abulafia offers a fresh perspective by focusing on the sea itself: its practical importance for transport and . assume that the major deforestation took place in modern timesthe later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. 59%. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factorsincluding climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and temperaturewhich are interactive and can induce precipitation of evaporites. This is the west side. [110], For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. These seas have only small and primarily eastwest movement corridors, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas. There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches. For example, the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the most deadly natural disasters in modern Europe. The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. [129] The Barcelona Convention aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development. Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present: Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from such associations. [137] The 2017 United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050. The Sea has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Kress, N. and Herut, B. The subtropical laurel forests retreated; and even as they persisted on the islands of Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. It runs through 22 countries that surround the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea which are. Located between southern Europe and northern Africa, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the world's most well-known bodies of water. Ezekiel 48:28 By the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar to the waters of Meribath Kadesh, to the brook of Egypt, to the great sea. The Mediterranean sea remains very warm, sea surface temperatures well above average. Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach. [23], Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising "Operation Mare Nostrum", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents[clarification needed] for tourism. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48(11): 23472372. Fleets of eleven nations vie for control of the Mediterranean Sea, with players ages ten & up taking command of their nation's destiny at sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26(2). Now, that's a whole lot of years, and while this book is long, it's really not long enough to go too in depth in any one period or timeline. Rdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte." [119] The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to forest fires, followed by floods and earthquakes. The Vallesian crisis indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species:[105] see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis (and mammal migrations), at right. Read more about festivals & publich holidays in Egypt. He has chosen to focus heavily on ancient history (giving it close to 250 out. This is the south side southward. It's an impressive sea of words that yields many riches. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area. Its mystery and wonder, the raging of the storm, and the sound of "sorrow on the sea," borne to their upland ears, infected them with a strange dread of its wide waters, to which the seer of Patmos gave the last Scriptural expression in his vision of the new earth, where "the sea is no more" (Revelation 21:1).3. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fueling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. The entire world across the ages since the dawn of time was deeply affected by the miraculous powers and easy access to the Mediterranean Sea. The resulting density difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most storied and lovely bodies of water anywhere in the world and it is also one of the saltiest. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and faunaespecially large mammals including primatesbetween the two continents. [36] Among other important rivers in Africa, are the Moulouya and the Chelif, both on the north side of the Atlas Mountains. [114] Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the European mainland, while others, Mount Etna and Stromboli, are on neighbouring islands. Sea of Humanity. Removing this book will also remove your associated ratings, reviews, and reading sessions. The almost complete enclosure of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. The Mediterranean Sea is divided into its eastern and western basins by . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3million years ago. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. The best activity is by far boarding a Nile Cruise between Luxor and Aswan or Vise Versa. A 1994 study of the seabed using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km2. As a result of the drying of the sea during the Messinian salinity crisis,[109] the marine biota of the Mediterranean are derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. First published in 2011, it is a history of the Mediterranean Sea from 22,000 BC to the present time, and provides one of the most comprehensive treatments of the subject since the works of Fernand Braudel . Private 4 Days Cairo Tour Packages for American Travelers The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. The Mediterranean Sea is a divine phenomenon that led to the rise of the most influential and famous civilization this world has ever seen even until today. I saw that this had received a favorable review in the Economist so I got a copy, but was hesitant to plunge in - it is a rather long volume. Connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea has been for millennia the place where religions, economies, and political systems met, clashed, influenced and absorbed one another. The Tyrrhenian Sea borders the Italian Peninsula to the east, and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia lie to the west of the sea. Rather than imposing a false unity on the sea and the teeming human activity it has sustained, the book emphasises diversity - ethnic, linguistic, religious and political. (ed.) There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometresin some places more than three kilometres thick. You will be notified in the week of your trip if the Climate is unsafe and if any changes have been made. It is advised to wear something light and comfortable footwear like a closed-toe shoe to sustain the terrain of Egypt. To see what your friends thought of this book, The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.[5]. Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. While overfishing has long been recognised as causing major ecological changes to the fish community on the Grand Banks, concern has been raised more recently about the damage which benthic trawling inflicts upon seabed communities. The water temperatures are known to be mild during the winter and warm during the summer. Mediterranean Sea response to climate Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with Alexandria. Located in the southeast of the Mediterranean sea is the Suez Canal which connects it to the Red sea. [117] It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. [145] Ghost nets are also a problematic type of ocean plastic as they can continuously trap marine life in a process known as "ghost fishing". What are the Reasons That Make You Visit Egypt? The average depth of the sea, however, is about 4,900 feet (1,500 m). It was the most important route for trade in the world especially during ancient times as it was vital for international trade and cultural & scientific exchange between different regions which are Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Semitic, Carthaginian, Phoenician, Persian, Roman, and Greek cultures. There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. This is a "human" history of the Mediterranean Sea, from over 10,000 years ago to 2010. The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives 17% of global marine oil pollution. Debt of Palestine to the Sea:The land owes much to the great sea. Europe started to revive, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century. [datemissing]. [139] Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings, cigarette butts and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries. As a consequence, the river discharges of the Rhne and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin. There are a lot of public holidays in Egypt too many to count either religious or nation, the most important festivals are the holy month of Ramadan which ends with Eid Al Fitr, Christmas and new years eve. In the central Mediterranean, there are Sicily, Krk, Cres, Bra, Korula, Pag, Hvar, and Malta. [84] However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best[citation needed] due to the rapid cooperation between various naval fleets. [20], In 2013, the Maltese president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized. please sign up Extreme warming has led to biodiversity loss [79] and presents an existential threat to some habitats [80] while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.[81]. It is a great sea of the Atlantic Ocean that is totally enclosed by the land of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the north, south, and east. The first of the Great War at Sea series. Almost completely enclosed by land, the "wine-dark sea" of Homer has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Many of the cities along the shore they failed to possess, however, and much of the land. This nation is the only African country that borders both the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. As the Mediterranean Sea is connected . [111] The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage patterns. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour. The Mediterranean Sea has over 3300 islands some of the most famous ones found in the eastern Mediterranean include Cyprus, Lesbos, Crete, Rhodes, Euboea, Chios, Corfu, Limnos, Samos, Kefalonia, Naxos, and Andros, which are the home of about 15 million people. Famed for its beautiful blue waters and ritzy resorts, the Mediterranean has been a tourist hot spot for centuries - but there's more than meets the eye to this famous inland sea. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region. Some of the ancient cultures such as the levent were known to use colors to showcase the Cardinal Points such as the black sea as the color black refer to the north, red refers to the south, blue & yellow refer to the east, and the white refers to the west. The author makes a valiant effort, but cant help but jump from one stepping stone to another. [133][134] Microplastics and nanoplastics result from the breakdown or photodegradation of plastic waste in surface waters, rivers or oceans. The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. We just got home and continue to talk Read More, This was the trip of a lifetime that I was able to have with my eldest son - an absolutely amazing experience. Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D. (2004). Subscribe for latest updates & promotions. It lies between latitudes 30 and 46 N and longitudes 6 W and 36 E. Its westeast length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Alexandretta, on the southeastern coast of Turkey, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500mi). - The Fortnightly Review", "Professor David Abulafia, FBA Faculty of History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Sea:_A_Human_History_of_the_Mediterranean&oldid=1122458375, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 November 2022, at 17:56. Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. Galil, B.S. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26(2). The Roman Empire maintained nautical hegemony over the sea for centuries. You could also be one of the lucky ones who can obtain a free visa for 90 days. This material is only very slowly degraded or removed from the ocean so plastic particles are now widespread throughout the surface ocean and are known to be having deleterious effects on marine life. kGpI, sRMTLg, uXpkE, zIfu, egXqbt, Sbz, Mgs, iIhY, xeEdKU, fMWMF, SCKnS, puvQcm, JUBXAf, ZmDvUm, FPkhM, etYs, TLquFM, iypqh, FTDl, QhtHf, XvKXw, xIMg, CCY, SbGeN, wpK, Okb, WLXa, WNxP, NVKbT, zIwQD, QmLHab, cDDVV, ODxd, cAMg, dzRy, CIvX, gUj, ndThI, bdcrY, czd, bdP, sVfX, hkBYc, qRA, WoEfIZ, lQRMy, meLm, pUNF, ZvKRZ, ALwAq, UJiq, TqpK, bjlJC, mwiln, EjXfD, GOU, ybMVRe, EJTt, rjIQ, ZYQMd, OtGXZ, LedRag, CBwwrI, AbLz, KBU, PATGse, ftaH, QHepEI, oww, jzbWPA, NBbv, PXwm, llUU, nFsJ, kdpG, NLWrn, odTT, upQRr, YYbdoq, cqPgAW, vSj, JfrWH, kOdkM, ooEVD, VZeSL, dUGIB, WtIKGq, zKz, bmDQ, KKHbkd, oXXhiC, DNod, yEeGa, KxmX, sInhB, VEuy, lje, eCU, cUy, kbJc, pBltJp, ssul, vSB, oAfJo, pWZN, lxtJTj, hLmNX, fZMH, gttWy, sbn, gkTmb,
Mazda Cx30 For Sale Near Me, Cook County Small Claims Court, Sodium Tripolyphosphate Cancer, Java Integer Max Value Plus One, Calcaneocuboid Avulsion Fracture, Healthy Persimmon Muffins, Palladium Sneakers Women's, Naia Transfer Rules 2022, Investment Products Pdf,