(a) While the voltage supply remained connected. The distance of the field point on the equatorial plane of a small electric dipole is halved. We recommend you directly contact the agency responsible for the content in question. Answer: (e) Sharp edges and corners in a locomotive cab and a passenger car shall be either avoided or padded to mitigate the consequences of an impact with such surfaces. [19] The gadget used galvanic silver plating; afterwards, nickel deposited from nickel tetracarbonyl vapors was used,[19] gold was preferred for many years. Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition), Delmar's Standard Textbook Of Electricity. A charge Q is placed at the center of the shell. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, each side-facing exterior window in other than a cab shall comply with the requirements for Type II glazing contained in appendix A to part 223 of this chapter. Mathematically the electric flux passing through an area \(\vec{dS}\) is given by A cube of side \[b\]has a charge \[q\] at each of its vertices. Charge on inner surface Q. b. Ionic bond is unsturated and non directional. (c) Passenger equipment ordered prior to May 12, 1999. (g) A Tier I alternative passenger trainset is subject to the requirements of 238.215 and 238.217 to demonstrate roof and side structure integrity. Therefore, capacitance of the capacitor becomes, \[{C}'=\frac{{k}'A{{\in }_{0}}}{d}=\frac{6A{{\in }_{0}}}{\frac{d}{2}}\] (2), Taking the ratios of equation \[1\] and \[2\], we obtain. 17.10(a), and if the distance s measured around the cross section is large compared with its thickness t, then the contours of the (6) Each truck is in the following condition: (ii) Each motor suspension lug, equalizer, hanger, gib, or pin is not cracked or broken; and. = pE(cos 0), U = pE cos This maintenance procedure requires that all of the equipment's brake system pneumatic components that contain moving parts and are sealed against air leaks be removed from the equipment, disassembled, cleaned, and lubricated and that the parts that can deteriorate with age be replaced. (e) The railroad shall comply with the elements of its hardware and software safety program that affect the safety of the passenger equipment. Are pallets usually inspected before being loaded or moved? Answer: 2 The ASTM E 662-01 maximum test limits for smoke emission (specific optical density) shall be measured in either the flaming or non-flaming mode, utilizing the mode which generates the most smoke. (g) Energy-absorbent material shall be used to pad surfaces likely to be impacted by occupants during collisions or derailments. Side-facing glazing also means glazing located at the coupled ends of MU locomotives or other equipment semi-permanently connected to each other in a train consist and glazing located at end doors other than at the cab end of a cab car or MU locomotive. The charged sheet passes through the middle of the cylinders length so that the cylinders ends are equidistant from the sheet. ++ (i) All hand-operated switches carrying currents with a potential of more than 150 volts that may be operated while under load are covered and are operative from the outside of the cover; (ii) A means is provided to display whether the switches are open or closed; and. The neutron joins with the nucleus (technically a fusion event) and destabilizes the nucleus, which explodes into two middleweight nuclear fragments (from the severing of the strong nuclear force holding the mutually-repulsive protons together), plus two or three free neutrons. Consider a spherical shell of radius R. Let q be a charge on the shell. . (c) How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point \[1.06{{A}^{\circ }}\] to \[\left( -7,0,0 \right)\] along the x-axis? (h) Inspection personnel. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. 20. Others include the 50 megaton Tsar Bomba at 97% fusion,[40] the 9.3 megaton Hardtack Poplar test at 95%,[41] and the 4.5 megaton Redwing Navajo test at 95% fusion. Similarly, although a serious fire could detonate the explosives, destroying the pit and spreading plutonium to contaminate the surroundings as has happened in several weapons accidents, it could not cause a nuclear explosion. Are circular saw guards checked to assure they are not wedged up, thus leaving the lower portion of the blade unguarded? (h) Cars requiring a single car test in accordance with 238.311 that are being moved in service to a location where the single car test can be performed shall have the single car test completed prior to, or as a part of, the exterior calendar day mechanical inspection. Is it prohibited to use compressed air to clean up or move combustible dust if such action could cause the dust to be suspended in the air and cause a fire or explosion hazard? Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Apply Amperes circuital law to calculate the magnetic field at a point V in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a. (4). Hence, it is the average value, $\frac{E}{2}$, of the field that contributes to the force. = -.125 s, Question 11. (1) Except for a locomotive that is ordered before September 8, 2000 or placed in service for the first time before Sepbember 9, 2002, and except for MU locomotives, all locomotives shall be equipped with a hand or parking brake that can: (iii) Hold the loaded unit on the maximum grade anticipated by the operating railroad. That is true for the electric field, but not the potential. Foul means restrict the intended movement of one or more brake system components because the component is snagged, entangled, or twisted. For purposes of this paragraph, passenger equipment that has previously been used in revenue service in the United States means: (1) The actual equipment used in such service; (2) Equipment manufactured identically to that actual equipment; and. The. (NCERT Exemplar) Therefore E = 0 On March 1, 1954, the largest-ever U.S. nuclear test explosion, the 15-megaton Bravo shot of Operation Castle at Bikini Atoll, delivered a promptly lethal dose of fission-product fallout to more than 6,000 square miles (16,000km2) of Pacific Ocean surface. Fuel tank, external means a fuel containment vessel that extends outside the car body structure of a locomotive. The petition shall be filed as provided in 238.21. A brake is not effective if its piston travel is in excess of the maximum prescribed limits. 25 rad; c. 100 rad; d. 25 rad (a) An electric dipole of dipole moment \(\vec{p}\) consists of point charges +q and -q separated by a distance 2a apart. Are pneumatic and hydraulic hoses on power-operated tools checked regularly for deterioration or damage? 2461 note; and 49 CFR 1.89. (2) The requirements of this paragraph (a) do not apply to unoccupied passenger equipment operating in a passenger train, or to the rear end of a locomotive if the end is unoccupied by design. (vi) Any hand or parking brakes applied to hold unattended equipment shall not be released until it is known that the air brake system is properly charged. Are portable electrical tools and equipment grounded or of the double insulated type? Is employee exposure to chemicals kept within acceptable levels? Whenever the electron completes an orbit, either circular or elliptical, the work done by the field of a nucleus is zero. (1) Brake actuators shall be designed to provide brake pad and shoe clearance when the brakes are released. The railroad determines the qualifications and competencies for employees designated to perform various functions in the manner set forth in this part. Neutron losses through the void between the two subcritical masses (gun assembly) or the voids between not-fully-compressed fuel nuclei (implosion assembly) would sap the bomb of the number of fission events needed to attain the full design yield. d) What are the forms of energy into which the electrical energy of the atmosphere is dissipated during a lightning strike? Capacitance of a charged capacitor, ${{C}_{1}}=4\mu F=4\times {{10}^{-5}}F$. The resulting trench was around 700 m long and 340 m wide, with an unimpressive depth of just 1015m. [citation needed], While x-rays would normally travel at the speed of light through a low-density material like the plastic foam channel filler between (2) and (3), the intensity of radiation from the exploding primary creates a relatively opaque radiation front in the channel filler, which acts like a slow-moving logjam to retard the passage of radiant energy. c) The discharging current in the atmosphere due to small conductivity of air is known to be \[1800A\] on an average over the globe. Work done in rotating the dipole through the angle d against the torque is given by dw = d = pE sin d, If the dipole is rotated from 1 to 2, then [29] According to Dr. Theodore Taylor, after reviewing leaked photographs of disassembled weapons components taken before 1986, Israel possessed boosted weapons and would require supercomputers of that era to advance further toward full two-stage weapons in the megaton range without nuclear test detonations. (b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance d from the center of the square and the side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, each cab car and MU locomotive ordered on or after May 10, 2010, or placed in service for the first time on or after March 8, 2012, shall have at its forward end, in lieu of the structural protection described in paragraph (a) of this section, two corner posts ahead of the occupied volume, meeting all of the requirements set forth in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section: (2) Each corner post acting together with its supporting car body structure shall be capable of withstanding the following loads individually applied toward the inside of the vehicle at all angles in the range from longitudinal to lateral: (i) A 300,000-pound horizontal force applied at a point even with the top of the underframe, without exceeding the ultimate strength of either the post or its supporting car body structure; (ii) A 100,000-pound horizontal force applied at a point 18 inches above the top of the underframe, without permanent deformation of either the post or its supporting car body structure; and. If internal combustion engines are used, is carbon monoxide kept within acceptable levels? The program under paragraph (a) of this section shall specify that all Tier II passenger equipment shall receive thorough inspections in accordance with the following standards: (1) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, the equivalent of a Class I brake test contained in 238.313 shall be conducted prior to a train's departure from an originating terminal and every 1,500 miles or once each calendar day, whichever comes first, that the train remains in continuous service. Define the electric line of force and give its two important properties. If you have interior standpipes and valves, are they inspected regularly? The occurrence of thunderstorms and lightning charges the atmosphere continuously. If appropriate, these determinations may be made based upon a description of the defective condition provided by a crewmember. Legible and understandable operating instructions for each manual override device and each retention mechanism shall be posted at or near each such device or mechanism. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030 or go to www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html. (ii) 1,000,000 pounds without exceeding either of the following two conditions: (A) Local plastic strains no greater than 5 percent; and, (B) Vehicle shortening no greater than 1 percent over any 15-foot length of the occupied volume; or. Third generation[45][46][47] nuclear weapons are experimental special effect warheads and devices that can release energy in a directed manner, some of which were tested during the Cold War but were never deployed. Rescue access window means a side-facing exterior window intended for use by emergency responders to gain access to passengers in an emergency situation. 238.127 Low-location emergency exit path marking. = \(\frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_{0}}\), Question 10. Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, each power vehicle shall be equipped with a sill step below each exterior door as follows: (1) The sill step shall have a minimum cross-sectional area of 12 by 3 inches; (2) The sill step shall be made of steel or a material of equal or greater strength and fatigue resistance; (3) The minimum tread length of the sill step shall be 10 inches; (4) The minimum clear depth of the sill step shall be 8 inches; (5) The outside edge of the tread of the sill step shall be flush with the side of the car body structure; (6) Sill steps shall not have a vertical rise between treads exceeding 18 inches; (7) The lowest sill step tread shall be not more than 24, preferably not more than 22, inches above the top of the track rail; (8) Sill steps shall be a color that contrasts with the color of the power vehicle body to which they are fastened; (9) Sill steps shall be securely fastened; (10) At least 50 percent of the tread surface area of each sill step shall be open space; and. (2) Every 1,476 days for that portion of the cab car brake system using brake valves that are identical to the passenger coach 26-C brake system; (3) Every 1,104 days for that portion of the cab car brake system using brake valves that are identical to the locomotive 26-L brake system; and. Question 13. 238.15 Movement of passenger equipment with power brake defects. We get the identical result for E(r), now we must interpret Question 24. (4) All electronic equipment shall be self-protected from damage or improper operation, or both, due to high voltage transients and long-term over-voltage or under-voltage conditions. (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? The task types include: (1) Inspections of an item to find and correct any potential failures; (2) Rework/remanufacture/overhaul of an item at or before some specified time or age limit; (3) Discard of an item (or parts of it) at or before some specified life limit; and. Are powder-actuated tools inspected for obstructions or defects each day before use? If the determinations required by this paragraph are made by an off-site qualified maintenance person based on a description of the defective condition by on-site personnel, then a qualified maintenance person shall perform a physical inspection of the defective equipment, at the first location possible, to verify the description of the defect provided by the on-site personnel. (a) Passenger seating in Tier III trainsets shall comply with the requirements referenced in either of the following paragraphs: (1) Section 238.233 and APTA PR-CS-S-016-99 excluding Section 6, Seat durability testing; or, (2) Section 6.2, Seats for passengers, personnel, or train crew, of GM/RT2100, provided that -, (ii) Seat attachment strength is sufficient to resist without failure individually applied loads of 5g longitudinal, 3g lateral, and 3g applied to the mass of the seat; and. Brake, on-tread friction means a braking system that uses a brake shoe that acts on the tread of the wheel to retard the vehicle. (i) The date and time that the Class I brake test was performed; (ii) The location where the test was performed; (iii) The identification number of the controlling locomotive of the train; (iv) The total number of cars inspected during the test; and. The minimum thickness of the sides, bottom sheet and end plates of the fuel tank shall be equivalent to a 516-inch steel plate with a 25,000 pounds-per-square-inch yield strength (where the thickness varies inversely with the square root of yield strength). In a hydrogen atom, the electron and proton are bound at a distance of about \[0.53{{A}^{\circ }}\]. Ans: Capacitance of the given capacitors are. As a single-stage device, it would have been a cumbersome application of boosted fission. (1) This record may be maintained in writing or electronically, provided FRA has access to the record upon request. q = 8N\(\sqrt{3}\) 2 / 2 10-2 105 \(\sqrt{3}\) = 8 10-3 C, (ii) Using U = -pE cos , we have (j) Locomotives ordered after September 8, 2000, or placed in service for the first time after September 9, 2002, that are equipped with blended brakes shall be designed so that: (1) The blending of friction and dynamic brake to obtain the correct retarding force is automatic; (2) Loss of power or failure of the dynamic brake does not result in exceeding the allowable stopping distance; (3) The friction brake alone is adequate to safely stop the train under all operating conditions; and. 13. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. When a charge particle is moved from one point to the other on a closed loop, the work done by the electrostatic field is zero. The plane is located at the mid-point of line AB because the magnitude of charges is the same. An emergency window exit located within an exterior side door, in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, may have an unobstructed opening with minimum dimensions of 24 inches horizontally by 26 inches vertically. (iv) Has been delivered in interchange but has not been accepted by the receiving railroad. Each day a violation continues shall constitute a separate offense. Find answers to questions asked by students like you. This is a result of having [Note: for any object that is an Locomotive cab means the compartment or space on board a locomotive where the control stand is located and which is normally occupied by the engineer when the locomotive is operated. (A) If the Associate Administrator stays action, the railroad shall correct any deficiencies FRA identified and notify FRA it has corrected the deficiencies before placing the subject equipment into service. You may inspect a copy of each document during normal business hours at the Federal Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20950 or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). (2) Railroads that provide commuter or other short-haul rail passenger train service in a metropolitan or suburban area as described by 49 U.S.C. (2) Any request for special approval must include: (i) A written justification explaining the need to operate a passenger train with its exterior side doors or trap doors, or both, open between stations; and. 238.735 Seat crashworthiness (passenger and cab crew). For analysis purposes, the required forces may be assumed to be evenly distributed at the end structure at the underframe joint. (CBSE Al 2014) This is easy for a gun-assembled bomb: the projectile mass simply shoves the absorber out of the void between the two subcritical masses by the force of its motion. formatting. (a) Tier III trainsets shall comply with the interior fixture attachment strength requirements referenced in either of the following paragraphs: (1) Section 238.233 and APTA PR-CS-S-006-98; or, (2) Section 6.1.4, Security of furniture, equipment and features, of GM/RT2100, provided that -. Whereas, when the p[oint charge is negative, then the electric potential at that point will be negative. Broad, "The Hidden Travels of The Bomb: Atomic insiders say the weapon was invented only once, and its secrets were spread around the globe by spies, scientists and the covert acts of nuclear states". (CBSE Al 2015C) Why should the electrostatic field be zero inside a conductor? Answer: For position P1 dipole moment and electric field are parallel. Q. (b) The standards required in this section are incorporated by reference into this section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. A charge of \[8mC\] is located at the origin. The zero potential points lie on the equatorial line. For the secondary to be imploded by the hot, radiation-induced plasma surrounding it, it must remain cool for the first microsecond, i.e., it must be encased in a massive radiation (heat) shield. (See Appendix E to this part for a discussion of the general principles of reliability-based maintenance programs.) Training on workplace practices, which should include blood drawing, room cleaning, laundry handling, clean up of blood spills? Plutonium's high rate of spontaneous fission makes uranium fuel a necessity for gun-assembled bombs, with their much greater insertion time and much greater mass of fuel required (because of the lack of fuel compression). [12] In weapons, the most important fusion reaction is called the D-T reaction. Are only approved apparatus (torches, regulators, pressure-reducing valves, acetylene generators, manifolds) used? If door interlocks are used, the sensors used to detect train motion shall be nominally set to operate at 3 mph. At least one rescue access window shall be located in each side of the car entirely within 15 feet of the car's centerline, or entirely within 712 feet of the centerline if the car does not exceed 45 feet in length. Does the task require prolonged raising of the arms? Alfonso Totosaus, Ma. Packaging requirements along with legal and safety concerns also elaborated in brief. Answer: The following requirements apply to each passenger car: (i) Prior to January 28, 2016, the location of each intercom intended for passenger use shall be conspicuously marked with luminescent material and legible and understandable operating instructions shall be posted at or near each such intercom. When reviewing the railroad's program, FRA does not intend to review any portion of the program that relates to employee working conditions. (4) Long-distance intercity and long-distance Tier II passenger trains developing 75-99 operative power brakes. Developed in the 1950s, they were first deployed in the 1970s, by U.S. forces in Europe. (13) Maintain records adequate to demonstrate that each employee and contractor performing safety-related tasks on passenger equipment is currently qualified to do so. Charge on ${{C}_{1}}$ is given by, ${{Q}_{1}}={{C}_{1}}{{V}_{1}}=100\times {{10}^{-12}}\times 100={{10}^{-8}}$. (b) Each component of a truck (which include axles, wheels, bearings, the truck-mounted brake system, suspension system components, and any other components attached to the truck by design) shall remain attached to the truck when a force equivalent to 2g acting on the mass of the component is exerted in any direction on that component. "neutrons carry off most of the reaction energy", Glasstone and Dolan. Are cranes of such design, that the boom could fall over backward, equipped with boomstops? The fuel tank shall support transversely at the center a sudden loading equivalent to one half the weight of the locomotive at a vertical acceleration of 2g, without exceeding the ultimate strength of the material. The records shall be made available to FRA upon request. Where the power disconnecting means for equipment does not also disconnect the electrical control circuit: Are the appropriate electrical enclosures identified? The electric potential \[V\] at the centre of the cube is due to the presence of eight charges at the vertices. 13 Floor covering shall be tested with padding in accordance with ASTM E 648-00, if the padding is used in the actual installation. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, this part applies to all: (1) Railroads that operate intercity or commuter passenger train service on standard gage track which is part of the general railroad system of transportation; and. Is grounding of the machine frame and safety ground connections of portable machines checked periodically? parts cleaning tanks, pans)? (b) Each exterior window on a locomotive cab and a passenger car shall remain in place when subjected to: (1) The forces described in part 223 of this chapter; and. As a result of the impact described in paragraph (a) of this section -. FRA may attach special conditions to the approval of the petition. Are windows that could be mistaken for exit doors, made inaccessible by means of barriers or railings? appropriate for your establishment. Class IA brake test means a test and inspection (as further specified in 238.315) performed by a qualified person of the air brake system on each car in a passenger train to ensure that the brakes apply and release on each car in the train in response to train line commands. Interior fitting means any component in the passenger compartment which is mounted to the floor, ceiling, sidewalls, or end walls and projects into the passenger compartment more than 25 mm (1 in.) (1) Prior to January 28, 2015, each emergency roof access location shall be conspicuously marked with retroreflective material of contrasting color. Plot a graph showing the variation of the electric field as a function of r > R and r < R. (r being the distance from the center of the shell) (CBSE Delhi 2011, Al 2013) Accordingly, how many volts is the electric potential value at the origin? When a unit positive charge is moved from say point A to another point say point B against an electrostatic force in an electric field, then the electrostatic potential difference between point A and point B is the amount of work done to move the charge from point A to point B with zero acceleration. E = EAcos + EBcos The silhouette of a man is shown for scale. During detonation, criticality was achieved by implosion. Ans: Capacitance of capacitor ${{C}_{1}}$ is given as $100pF$. Where panic hardware is installed on a required exit door, will it allow the door to open by applying a force of 15 pounds or less in the direction of the exit traffic? Brake, inoperative means a primary brake that, for any reason, no longer applies or releases as intended or is otherwise ineffective. This appendix specifies alternatives to the crashworthiness and occupant protection performance requirements for Tier I passenger equipment in 238.203, Static end strength; 238.205, Anti-climbing mechanism; 238.207, Link between coupling mechanism and car body; 238.209(a), Forward end structure of locomotives, including cab cars and MU locomotives; 238.211, Collision posts; 238.213, Corner posts; and 238.219, Truck-to-carbody attachment. (CBSE Delhi 2013C) y This part does not preempt an action under State law seeking damages for personal injury, death, or property damage alleging that a party has failed to comply with the Federal standard of care established by this part, including a plan or program required by this part. Passenger equipment includes -, (iv) A locomotive not intended to provide transportation for a member of the general public that is used to power a passenger train, and. These records shall be adequate to distinguish the qualifications of the employee or contractor as a qualified person or as a qualified maintenance person. For vehicles equipped with 812-inch or 10-inch diameter brake cylinders, piston travel shall be within 7 to 9 inches. (a) The status of each powered, exterior side door in a passenger car shall be displayed to the crew in the operating cab. (6) All doors and cover plates guarding high voltage equipment are marked Danger - High Voltage or with the word Danger and the normal voltage carried by the parts so protected. Therefore, the flux = E.S is separately zero for each face of the cube except the two faces along the X-axis. Therefore, the electric field just outside the conductor is \[\frac{\sigma }{{{\in }_{0}}}\hat{n}\]. When cutting tools with sharp edges are carried in passenger compartments of employee transport vehicles, are they placed in closed boxes or containers which are secured in place? (You will learn from this exercise why one cannot build an electrostatic generator using a very small shell which requires a small charge to acquire a high potential. (ii) The test of the glazing article shall be deemed satisfactory if the test projectile does not penetrate the windscreen, the windscreen remains in its frame, and the witness plate is not marked by spall. Two charges q and -3q are placed fixed on the x-axis separated by distance d. Is there adequate supervision to ensure that employees are following safe machine operating procedures? Is there a regular program of safety inspection of machinery and equipment? This may be a pneumatic pipe, electrical line, or radio signal. The electric field components in the figure shown are : Ex = x, Ey = 0, Ez = 0 where = 100N/cm. In fact, real work on the implosion scheme in the Soviet Union only commenced in the very early part of 1953, several months after the successful testing of Sloika. Any prior-to-service program is based on limited information. A rescue access window located within an exterior side door, in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, may have an unobstructed opening with minimum dimensions of 24 inches horizontally by 26 inches vertically. Of the four basic types of nuclear weapon, the first, pure fission, uses the first of the three nuclear reactions above. In addition to the standby employee, is there at least one other trained rescuer in the vicinity? [64 FR 25660, May 12, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 41307, July 3, 2000; 71 FR 61862, Oct. 19, 2006; 73 FR 6412, Feb. 1, 2008; 78 FR 71814, Nov. 29, 2013]. x = \(\frac{d}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{3} d}{2}=\frac{d}{2}(1+\sqrt{3})\) to the left of q. (iii) Each cut-out axle on a locomotive that weighs more than 200,000 pounds shall be counted as two cut-out axles for the purposes of calculating the percentage of operative brakes. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected to another uncharged \[600pF\] capacitor. Any alternative interval must be based upon a documented reliability assessment conducted under a system safety plan subject to periodic peer audit. Formerly restricted data, "A new use for nuclear weapons: hunting rogue asteroids A persistent campaign by weapons designers to develop a nuclear defense against extraterrestrial rocks slowly wins government support 2013", "The mother of all bombs would sit in wait in an orbitary platform", "Nuclear Weapons Safety:The Case of Trident", The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (third edition), Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945, Section 4.0 Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons, More information on the design of two-stage fusion bombs, Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL), Part II (1998), Annotated bibliography on nuclear weapons design from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapon_design&oldid=1118175847, Articles with dead external links from September 2018, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles needing additional references from October 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles needing additional references from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2019, Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. (11) Low-location emergency exit path markings required by 238.127 are in place and conspicuous. (c) A small test charge is released at rest at a point in an electrostatic field configuration. We offer assignment help in more than 80 courses. Ans: Consider a point \[Z\]such that the normal distance \[OZ=10cm=0.1m\] as shown in the following figure. Is mechanical ventilation provided when spraying operation is done in enclosed areas? (ii) Global vehicle shortening shall not exceed 1 percent over any 15-foot length of occupied volume. (i) California Technical Bulletin (Cal TB) 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings (October, 1992). Therefore, the potential is zero at a distance of \[10cm\] from the positive charge between the charges. The formula of electrostatic potential is:-, Electrostatic potential (V) = Work done (W)/Charge(q). Answer: (A graphical description of the forward end of a cab car or an MU locomotive utilizing low-level passenger boarding on the non-operating side of the cab end is provided in Figure 1 to subpart C of this part. (f) Except as provided in 238.15(b), a railroad shall not use or haul a passenger train in passenger service from a location where a Class I brake test has been performed, or was required by this part to have been performed, with less than 100 percent operative brakes. (d) The end structure requirements of this section apply only to the ends of a semi-permanently coupled consist of articulated units, provided that: (1) The railroad submits to FRA under the procedures specified in 238.21 a documented engineering analysis establishing that the articulated connection is capable of preventing disengagement and telescoping to the same extent as equipment satisfying the anti-climbing and collision post requirements contained in this subpart; and. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constant \[{{K}_{1}}\] and \[{{K}_{2}}\] are filled in between the two plates, each of area \[A\], of the parallel plate capacitor as shown in the figure. Trainset, Tier III means an intercity passenger train that provides service in a shared right-of-way at speeds not exceeding 125 mph and in an exclusive right-of-way without grade crossings at speeds exceeding 125 mph but not exceeding 220 mph. 20301 and 20302; (4) Specifically address the number, dimension, location, and manner of application of each safety appliance contained in the standard; (5) Provide specific analysis regarding why and how the standard was developed and specifically discuss the need or benefit of the safety appliance arrangement contained in the standard; (6) Include drawings, sketches, or other visual aids that provide detailed information relating to the design, location, placement, and attachment of the safety appliances; and. Kinetic energy can be given as half times the magnitude of potential energy. In the context of articulated equipment, passenger car means that segment of the rail rolling equipment located between two trucks. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of \[8pF\]\[\left( 1pF={{10}^{-12}}F \right)\]. No, the field may be normal to the surface. Crewmembers taking control of a train do not need to perform either a visual inspection or a functional test of the door by-pass devices in cases of face-to-face relief of another train crew and notification by that crew as to the functioning of the door by-pass devices. Let the potential be zero at point P at a distance x from charge q as shown Tree falling/bucking procedures and precautions, including procedures for recognizing and working with hazard trees, snags, lodged trees, and unsafe weather conditions. For purposes of this paragraph (a)(4), a bathroom, kitchen, or locomotive cab is not considered a compartment.. (f) The brake system design shall allow a disabled train's pneumatic brakes to be controlled by a conventional locomotive, during a rescue operation, through brake pipe control alone. Legible and understandable window-access instructions, including instructions for removing the window, shall be posted at or near each rescue access window. Ans: Yes, the electric field intensity which is inside a cavity is zero, even if the shell is not spherical and has any irregular shape. Their half lives range from milliseconds to about 200,000 years. Early experiments used the two fissile materials in combination, as composite Pu-Oy pits and spark plugs, but for mass production, it was easier to let the factories specialize: plutonium pits in primaries, uranium spark plugs and pushers in secondaries. 238.230 Safety appliances - new equipment. Hence the resultant electric field at point P is given by (c) The charge will be shared by two cubes if it has to be enclosed. Safety appliance means an appliance required under 49 U.S.C. [64 FR 25660, May 12, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 19992, Apr. Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. In conducting the analysis, the railroad shall -. The following requirements of this paragraph (e) apply to operation of Tier III trainsets with blended braking systems, to address degraded brake system performance: (1) Loss of power or failure of the dynamic or regenerative brake shall not result in exceeding the allowable stopping distance defined by the railroad as approved by FRA; (2) The available friction braking shall be adequate to stop the trainset safely under the operating conditions defined by the railroad, as approved by FRA; (3) The operational status of the trainset brake system shall be displayed for the engineer in the operating cab; and. (d) Each railroad shall make available to FRA for inspection and copying upon request each safety plan required by this section and any documentation required pursuant to such plan. [62] Apparently there were three of these US designs analyzed in the gigaton (1,000-megaton) range; LLNL's GNOMON and SUNDIAL objects that cast shadows and LANL's "TAV". (xi) ASTM E 1590-01, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses. (a) Incorporation by reference. It is due to the conservative nature of the electric field. Are low pressure fuel-gas cylinders checked periodically for corrosion, general distortion, cracks, or any other defect that might indicate a weakness or render it unfit for service? \(\frac{2 q^{2}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} x^{2}}=\frac{6 q^{2}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0}(d+x)^{2}}\) Point A & B are at the same distance from point O. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Each petition for special approval of an alternative standard shall contain -. Self-locking threaded fasteners do not meet this requirement. The Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program also benefited from research performed at NIF. (b) A running brake test shall be performed whenever the control stand used to control the train is changed to facilitate the movement of a passenger train from one track to another within a terminal complex while not in passenger service. Train, long-distance intercity passenger means a passenger train that provides service between large cities more than 125 miles apart and is not operated exclusively in the National Railroad Passenger Corporation's Northeast Corridor. (1) Computation of percent operative power brakes. 2. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. Answer: (1) Each individual vehicle in a Tier III trainset shall resist a minimum quasi-static end load applied on the collision load path of: (i) 800,000 pounds without permanent deformation of the occupied volume; or. 23, 2002, as amended at 83 FR 59219, Nov. 21, 2018]. (1) Each manufacturer that provides glazing materials, intended by the manufacturer for use in achieving compliance with the requirements of this section, shall certify that each type of glazing material being supplied for this purpose has been successfully tested. Heat Process Values F (2nd Ed) for several Commercial Sterilization and Pasteurization Processes - Overview, Uses, and Restrictions, Current developments of microfiltration technology in the dairy industry, SC IE N T I Corresponding author Adres do korespondencji: CHEESE YIELD AS AFFECTED BY SOME PARAMETERS REVIEW, Application of High pressure processing in Milk, Applying Cleaner production and optimising heat process operations in dairy processing plants, Dairy Processing Handbook/Chapter 2 The chemistry of milk, handbook of farm dairy and food machinery engineering 2nd edition, LECTURE COMPENDIUM OF NATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Innovative Trends in Dairy and Food Products Formulation CENTRE OF ADVANCED FACULTY TRAINING (Dairy Processing) DAIRY TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) Mediterranean Action Plan Dairy industry, Heat Exchangers Dairy Processing Hand Book, Use of high pressure technology on milk and milk products, Clean Strategies for the Management of Residues in Dairy Industries, Post-processing of concentrated fermented milk: influence of temperature and holding time on the formation of particle clusters, Foodprocessinghandbook 120919212726 phpapp, Food and dairy applications: the state of the art, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Food, Drink and Milk Industries, Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production Government of Catalonia Ministry of the Environment Ministry of the Environment Spain Dairy industry, FUNDAMENTALS OF DAIRY CHEMISTRY 3 RD EDITION, Application of High Pressure Processing Technology for Dairy Food Preservation - Future Perspective: A Review, Food Biochemistry and Food Processing Second Edition i, -Non-bovine milk and milk products-Academic Press (2016).pdf, Dairy Science and Technology Second Edition, Membrane Technology Volume Membranes for Food Applications, Formulation of Banana flavored Yoghurt and evaluation of its physic-chemical and sensory quality, FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY Principles and Practice Second Edition, Milk Powder Technology Evaporation and Spray Drying, Effect of Application of Stabilizers on Gelation and Synersis in Yoghurt, Application of High Pressure Processing Technology for Dairy Food Preservation -Future Perspective: A Review Journal of Animal Production Advances, Food biochemistry and food processing 2nd ed gnv, Experiments in Unit Operations and Processing of Foods, The Effect of Different Heat Treatment on the Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products and Shelf-Life of Milk Products. A periodic inspection conducted under part 229 of this chapter satisfies the requirement of this section with respect to the features inspected. 19, 2019]. for establishing, implementing and maintaining an effective written injury and illness prevention program are contained in Title 8 (c) If the engineer does not acknowledge the alerter as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, at a minimum a retrievable full service brake application shall occur until the train has stopped, unless the crew intervenes as described in paragraph (d) of this section. (a) By Gauss theorem \(\phi \vec{E} \cdot \overrightarrow{d S}=\frac{q}{\varepsilon_{0}}\). Hence show that for points at a large distance from the ring, it behaves like a point charge. (2) All passenger trains developing 50-74 percent operative power brakes. Answer: Do the neck and shoulders have to be stooped to view the task? Are proper precautions being taken when handling asbestos and other fibrous materials? (a) Using Gausss law obtain expressions for the electric field (i) inside, and (ii) outside a positively charged spherical shell. Most fission products have too many neutrons to be stable so they are radioactive by beta decay, converting neutrons into protons by throwing off beta particles (electrons) and gamma rays. Hard links are usually critical weapon components that have been hardened to survive extreme environments, while weak links can be both components deliberately inserted into the system to act as a weak link and critical nuclear components that can fail predictably. 21. Each manual override device shall be: (i) Capable of releasing the door or door leaf, if the door is bi-parting, to permit it to be opened without power; (ii) Located adjacent to the door or door leaf, if the door is bi-parting, it controls; and. (c) The inspection, testing, and maintenance plan required by this section is not intended to address and should not include procedures to address employee working conditions that arise in the course of conducting the inspections, tests, and maintenance set forth in the plan. [citation needed], For example, for the Redwing Mohawk test on July 3, 1956, a secondary called the Flute was attached to the Swan primary. 24, 2012; 81 FR 43112, July 1, 2016; 82 FR 16135, Apr. Are employees trained in the safe handling practices of hazardous chemicals such as acids, caustics, and the like? Three capacitors each of capacitance \[9pF\] are connected in series. (2) If the units of the equipment are not semi-permanently coupled, the units shall be equipped with hand brakes, sill steps, end handholds, and side handholds that meet the requirements contained in 231.14 of this chapter. Control valves means that part of the air brake equipment on each rail car or locomotive that controls the charging, application, and release of the air brakes, in response to train line commands. For purposes of this paragraph, a bathroom, kitchen, or locomotive cab is not considered a compartment.. WebElectric Field Intensity Due To A Thin Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell. The notice required by this section shall contain the date, time, and location of the last Class I brake test. When mechanical ventilation is provided during spraying operations, is it so arranged that it will not circulate the contaminated air? (2) The roller bearing shall be disassembled from the axle and inspected internally if: (i) It shows any external sign of damage; (ii) It makes any unusual noise when its wheel set is spun freely (an on-track rolling test is acceptable) or when the bearing is manually rotated; (iii) Its truck was involved in a derailment at a speed of more than 10 miles per hour; or. The petition shall include: (i) The information required by 238.21(c); (ii) Information, including detailed drawings and materials specifications, sufficient to describe the actual construction of the equipment of special design; (iii) Engineering analysis sufficient to describe the likely performance of the equipment in derailment and collision scenarios pertinent to the safety requirements for which compliance is required and for which the equipment does not conform to the specific requirements of this subpart; and. It is not an official Any type of welded repair to a steel main reservoir is prohibited. Passenger equipment placed in service prior to January 1, 2007, but not discovered until after January 1, 2007, shall be immediately added to the railroad's written list and shall be immediately inspected in accordance with paragraph (g) through (k) of this section. Are combustible scrap, debris and waste materials (i.e. 2EA = \(\frac{\sigma A}{\varepsilon_{0}}\) (3) 6. The outer sphere is earthed and the inner sphere is given a charge of \[2.5\mu C\]. 238.111 Pre-revenue service acceptance testing plan. Explain what would happen if in the capacitor given in Exercise 2.8, a \[3mm\] thick mica sheet (of dielectric constant. Where exiting will be through frameless glass doors, glass exit doors, storm doors, and such are the doors fully tempered and meet the safety requirements for human impact? The pusher is located between the explosive lens and the tamper. A railroad is not required to use the ASTM E 119-00a test method. Now, take a closed loop such that a part of it is inside the cavity along a field line while the rest is inside the conductor. Therefore, we have Hence, the capacitance of the capacitor is approximately \[5.5\times {{10}^{-9}}F\]. (ii) For bi-parting doors, each manual override device and each retention mechanism shall be conspicuously and legibly marked with luminescent material. Ans: Whenever the electron completes an orbit, either circular or elliptical, the work done by the field of a nucleus is zero. Is the work area's ventilation system appropriate for the work being performed? Are confined spaces thoroughly emptied of any corrosive or hazardous substances, such as acids or caustics, before entry? Both the operating restrictions and safety parameters shall be approved by FRA. unit. A noncomplying passenger car may remain in passenger service until no later than the car's fourth interior calendar day mechanical inspection or next periodic mechanical inspection required under 238.307, whichever occurs first, or for a passenger car used in long-distance intercity train service until the eighth interior calendar day mechanical inspection or next periodic mechanical inspection required under 238.307, whichever occurs first, after the noncomplying condition is discovered, where it shall be repaired or removed from service; provided -, (i) The railroad has developed and follows written procedures for mitigating the hazard(s) caused by the noncomplying condition. An impact angle that is perpendicular (90 degrees) to the window's surface shall be considered the most severe impact angle for purposes of this requirement; and, (2) Demonstrate anti-spalling performance by the use of a 0.001-inch thick aluminum witness plate, placed 12 inches from the window's surface during all impact tests. (ii) The peak longitudinal deceleration of the truck during the impact does not exceed 10g. Is there safe clearance for equipment through aisles and doorways? Are the cranes visually inspected for defective components prior to the beginning of any work shift? ++ It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively-charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged image. Diameter is reduced again. Are fire separators placed between containers of combustibles or flammables, when stacked one upon another, to assure their support and stability? Ans: Radius of the spherical conductor is given as, \[r=12cm=0.12m\], Charge is uniformly distributed over the conductor and can be given as, \[q=1.6\times {{10}^{-7}}C\]. Scoring good marks in class 12 board exams is extremely important for every student. Are radial arm saws so arranged that the cutting head will gently return to the back of the table when released? Early weapons used a modulated neutron generator codenamed "Urchin" inside the pit containing polonium-210 and beryllium separated by a thin barrier. (2) Head end power, including trainline power distribution, shall be provided with both overload and ground fault protection. Ans: According to the statement of Gausss law, the electric field between a sphere and a shell is determined by the charge \[{{q}_{1}}\] on a small sphere. (1) This record may be maintained in writing or electronically provided FRA has access to the record upon request. Justify your answer. What is the minimum value of the potential energy? When hoisting material or equipment, are provisions made to assure no one will be passing under the suspended loads? b) Determine the total electric potential (in V) at the point with coordinates (0, 1.50 cm). Is there an assigned safety standby employee outside of the confined space, whose sole responsibility is to watch the work in progress, sound an alarm if necessary, and render assistance? (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, Tier III trainsets shall comply with the emergency lighting requirements specified in 238.115. (d) For purposes of paragraph (b) of this section, the mass of the truck includes axles, wheels, bearings, truck-mounted brake system, suspension system components, and any other component attached to the truck by design. Are open lights, open flames, or sparking or arcing equipment prohibited near fueling or transfer of fuel operations? The relation between capacitance, area, distance and dielectric constant is \[C=\frac{A{{\in }_{0}}}{d}\Rightarrow C\propto \frac{1}{d}\]. Are pressure-reducing regulators used only for the gas and pressures for which they are intended? The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. A cylindrical metal can has a height of 27 cm and a radius of 11 cm. The optimal way to store deuterium in a reasonably dense state is to chemically bond it with lithium, as lithium deuteride. 23, 2002]. [citation needed], The next step in miniaturization was to speed up the fissioning of the pit to reduce the minimum inertial confinement time. A If you have a fire alarm system, is it tested at least annually? The electric charge inside the surface can be given as: 5. Tier III trainsets shall comply with the requirements in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section to demonstrate the integrity of the end structure for other than the cab ends. (a) Show that the normal component of electrostatic field has a discontinuity from one side of a charged surface to another given by \[\left( \overline{{{E}_{2}}}-\overline{{{E}_{1}}} \right)\cdot \hat{n}=\frac{\sigma }{{{\in }_{0}}}\]. A third identical uncharged sphere C is first placed in contact with sphere A and then with sphere B. Spheres A and B are then brought in contact and then separated. These two forces constitute a couple. This means that neutron bombs have a yield range of 110 kilotons, with fission proportion varying from 50% at 1-kiloton to 25% at 10-kilotons (all of which comes from the primary stage). Answer: Each railroad shall develop and adopt written procedures for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of all fire safety systems and fire safety equipment on the passenger equipment it operates. Electric field at any point due to the two surfaces, $\left( \overline{{{E}_{2}}}-\overline{{{E}_{1}}} \right)=\frac{\sigma }{2{{\in }_{0}}}\hat{n}+\frac{\sigma }{2{{\in }_{0}}}\hat{n}+\frac{\sigma }{{{\in }_{0}}}\hat{n} $, $\Rightarrow \left( \overline{{{E}_{2}}}-\overline{{{E}_{1}}} \right)\cdot \hat{n}=\frac{\sigma }{{{\in }_{0}}} $. \[V=\frac{{{q}_{1}}}{4\pi {{\in }_{0}}s}+\frac{{{q}_{2}}}{4\pi {{\in }_{0}}\left( s-d \right)}\] (2), \[\frac{{{q}_{1}}}{4\pi {{\in }_{0}}s}=-\frac{{{q}_{2}}}{4\pi {{\in }_{0}}\left( s-d \right)}\], \[\Rightarrow \frac{{{q}_{1}}}{s}=-\frac{{{q}_{2}}}{\left( s-d \right)}\], \[\Rightarrow \frac{5\times {{10}^{-8}}}{s}=\frac{\left( -3\times {{10}^{-8}} \right)}{\left( s-0.16 \right)}\], \[\Rightarrow 1-\frac{0.16}{s}=\frac{3}{5}\], \[\Rightarrow \frac{0.16}{s}=\frac{2}{5}\]. (d) For a 30-mph collision of a Tier II passenger train on tangent, level track with an identical stationary train: (1) When seated anywhere in a trailer car, the velocity at which a 50th-percentile adult male contacts the seat back ahead of him shall not exceed 25 mph; and. (i) Passenger cars shall be equipped with a means to apply the emergency brake that is accessible to passengers and located in the vestibule or passenger compartment. Door isolation lock means a cutout/lockout mechanism installed at each exterior side door panel to secure a door in the closed and latched position, provide a door-closed indication to the summary circuit, and remove power from the door motor or door motor controls. Collision posts means structural members of the end structures of a vehicle that extend vertically from the underframe to which they are securely attached and that provide protection to occupied compartments from an object penetrating the vehicle during a collision. Only one specimen need be tested. Nuclear warheads are very resistant to physical damage, but are very difficult to harden against extreme neutron flux. Or E = \(\sqrt{E_{B}^{2}+\left(2 E_{B}\right)^{2}+2 E_{B}\left(2 E_{B}\right) \cos 120^{\circ}}\), On Solving we have (C) After all passengers are discharged, the defective equipment shall be moved to the nearest location where the necessary repairs can be made. The cab ends of Tier III trainsets shall comply with the requirements of appendix F to this part to demonstrate the integrity of the end structure. surface (radius = 1.0 cm), and, Q:A closed surface with dimensions +++ ++ Repair point means a location designated by a railroad where repairs of the type necessary occur on a regular basis. (4) The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to: (ii) Unoccupied passenger equipment operating at the rear of a passenger train. Luminescent material means material that absorbs light energy when ambient levels of light are high and emits this stored energy when ambient levels of light are low, making the material appear to glow in the dark. Capacitor of the capacitance, \[C=600pF\]. Question 25. Ans: Let \[a\] be the radius of a sphere \[A\], \[{{Q}_{A}}\] be the charge on the sphere, and \[{{C}_{A}}\] be the capacitance of the sphere. For position p2, they are antiparallel. (a) A Tier III trainset shall be equipped with operative sanders, if required by the railroad and as approved by FRA. (v) A copy and description of the consensus or other appropriate industry standard used to ensure the effectiveness and strength of the attachment; (c) Inspection and repair. 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