The machines printed a series of ticker symbols (usually shortened forms of a company's name), followed by brief information about the price of that company's stock; the thin strip of paper on which they were printed was called ticker tape. phonograph console. In the 18th century, japanning gained a large popular following. White also contributed a few fair entries, such as Hold That Lion! Lenburg, Jeff, Joan Howard Maurer, and Greg Lenburg (2012). Enamels, however, are slow drying. Because Curly had to shave his head for the act, it led him to feel unappealing to women. [2] After several shifts and changes in the Stooges membership, sometime between 1925 and 1928, violinist-comedian Larry Fine (Louis Feinberg) also joined the group. To do this, noise is added to the original signal before quantization. [22] In their classic 1940 short No Census, No Feelings, the Stooges refer to Will H. Hays and his position as Hollywood's censor, when Moe tells Curly, We have a job now, were working for the census, and Curly replies, You mean Will Hays?. [6] His childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm (he had no previous acting experience) made him a hit with audiences, particularly children and women (the latter usually finding the trio's humor juvenile and uncouth). The studio had enough completed Stooge films to be released over the next 18 months, though not in the order in which they were produced. [45] Peter Seely, editor of the book Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges, said that the Stoogeum has "more stuff than I even imagined existed." [3] In the late 1990s and 2000s, anamorphic lost popularity in comparison to "flat" (or "spherical") formats such as Super 35 with the advent of digital intermediates; however, in the years since digital cinema cameras and projectors have become commonplace, anamorphic has experienced a considerable resurgence of popularity, due in large part to the higher base ISO sensitivity of digital sensors, which facilitates shooting at smaller apertures. The bandwidth of an analog system is dependent on the physical and electronic capabilities of the analog circuits. [4], The early days of television provided movie studios a place to unload a backlog of short films that they thought otherwise unmarketable, and the Stooge films seemed perfect for the burgeoning genre. WebA signal is recorded digitally by an analog-to-digital converter, which measures the amplitude of an analog signal at regular intervals specified by the sampling rate, and then stores these sampled numbers in computer hardware. These henchmen are briefly seen throughout the rest of the season. Nevertheless, Edison was past the peak of his productive period. After Sputniks launch, many Americans began to think more seriously about science and technology. The anamorphic widescreen format in use today is commonly called 'Scope' (a contraction of the early term CinemaScope), or 2.35:1 (the latter being a misnomer born of old habit; see "Aspect ratio" section below). Asian lacquer is sometimes painted with pictures, inlaid with shell and other materials, or carved, as well as dusted with gold and given other further decorative treatments. This additional motion is added to the desired signal as noise, usually of very low frequencies, creating a rumbling sound during quiet passages. A good turntable should have rumble at least 60dB below the specified output level from the pick-up. Click to see full answer Has [] According to Okuda and Watz, entries such as Loco Boy Makes Good, What's the Matador?, Sock-A-Bye Baby (all 1942), I Can Hardly Wait and A Gem of a Jam (both 1943) are considered to be lesser quality works than previous films. The high-frequency response of vinyl depends on the cartridge. [4], Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) signed Healy and his Stooges to a movie contract in 1933. [4] During rehearsals, Healy received a more lucrative offer and found a loophole in his contract allowing him to leave the production. Critics of double-blind tests see them as not allowing the listener to feel fully relaxed when evaluating the system component, and can therefore not judge differences between different components as well as in sighted (non-blind) tests. When the original analog recording was fairly bright, remastering sometimes resulted in an unnatural treble emphasis.[36]. [8], The Shemp years also marked a major milestone: the Stooges' first appearance on television. A perceptual study by Nishiguchi et al. One drawback of water-based lacquer is that it has a tendency to be highly reactive to other fresh finishes such as quick-dry primer (excluding waterborne lacquer primers), caulking and even some paints that have a paint/primer aspect. Some analog tape manufacturers specify frequency responses up to 20kHz, but these measurements may have been made at lower signal levels. Is it true that a sketch by Da Vinci is included in the "Message to the Universe" of Voyagers 1 and 2? This is the phenomenon of variations in time from what should be the correct spacing of discrete samples according to the sample rate. Two years later, Edison announced that he had perfected the phonograph, although this was far from true. Capitalization of the word as an adjective (specifically, a noun adjunct) also varies. With high level signals, analog magnetic tape approaches saturation, and high frequency response drops in proportion to low frequency response. (1940) and its sequel I'll Never Heil Again (1941) lampooned Hitler and the Nazis at a time when America was still neutral. Also in 1970, Joe DeRita recruited vaudeville veterans Frank Mitchell and Mousie Garner to tour as The New Three Stooges. In 1984, Gottlieb released an arcade game featuring the Stooges trying to find three kidnapped brides. Those rectangular pieces of plastic that held computer programs, files, and other data didnt go out of style with the invention of the CD-ROM. When del Toro was interviewed on MTV News for The Wolfman, he spoke about playing Moe. There are many kinds of the phonograph used youre looking for, from those produced as long ago as the 19th Century to those made as recently as the 20th Century. Early digital audio machines had disappointing results, with digital converters introducing errors that the ear could detect. Although the Three Stooges' slapstick comedy was primarily arranged around basic plots dealing with mundane issues of daily life, a number of their shorts featured social commentary or satire. Several instrumental tunes were played over the opening credits of the short features. However, how this relates to the earlier French invention, and later development, is unclear.[5]. Another common aspect of anamorphic lenses is that light reflections within the lens are elliptical, rather than round as in ordinary cinematography. [16] The earliest extant Chinese lacquer object, a red wooden bowl,[17] was unearthed at a Hemudu culture (50004500 BC) site in China. How big is Voyager? Frequencies of up to 122kHz have been experimentally cut on LP records.[18]. The range of possible values that can be represented numerically by a sample is determined by the number of binary digits used. The gravitational influence of the sun may extend as far as 2 light years. [44], The vinyl revival is in part because of analog audio's imperfection, which adds "warmth". Asian lacquerware, which may be called "true lacquer", are objects coated with the treated, dyed and dried sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum or Sound can be recorded and stored and played using either digital or analog techniques. The practice of focusing on loudness in audio mastering can be traced back to the introduction of the compact disc, but also existed to some extent when the vinyl phonograph record was the primary released recording medium and when 7-inch singles were played on jukebox machines in clubs and bars. Both Healy and the Stooges went on to separate successes, with Healy dying under mysterious circumstances in 1937. Digital systems require that all high-frequency signal content above the Nyquist frequency must be removed prior to sampling, which, if not done, will result in these ultrasonic frequencies "folding over" into frequencies in the audible range, producing a kind of distortion called aliasing. I'm assuming you mean the engravings on the aluminum record cover on each of the two Voyagers. Furthermore, as a significant portion of the inventors time was taken up by his new role of industrialist, which came with the commercialization of incandescent lighting and the phonograph, electrical developments were passing into the domain of university-trained mathematicians and scientists. Two episodes of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies aired on CBS featuring animated Stooges as guest stars: the premiere, "Ghastly Ghost Town" (September 9, 1972) and "The Ghost of the Red Baron" (November 18, 1972). They were not disciplined enough to sustain lengthy comic sequences; far too often, they were willing to suspend what little narrative structure their pictures possessed in order to insert a number of gratuitous jokes. On October 30, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc DVD set titled The Three Stooges Collection, Volume One: 19341936. The sensitivity of the converter to jitter depends on the design of the converter. Film critics have cited Curly as the most popular member of the team. Panavision was the first company to produce an anti-mumps system in the late 1950s. Since the useful time-span of individual quotes is very brief, they generally had not been sent long distances; aggregated summaries, typically for one day, were sent instead. However, Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man was not part of the Voyager Golden Phonograph Record, the Voyager cover or the Pioneer plaque. Later in 1987, game developers Cinemaware released a successful Three Stooges computer game, available for Apple IIGS, Amiga, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The phonograph can also be known as a gramophone and can be considered the great-great grandfather of the modern DJ The series will be launched to potential buyers at the market of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[50][51]. bit channel. These results suggest that the main benefit to using higher sample rates is that it pushes consequential phase distortion from the band-limiting filters out of the audible range and that, under ideal conditions, higher sample rates may not be necessary. The first major endeavour at the new laboratory was the commercialization of the phonograph, a venture launched in 1887 after Alexander Graham Bell, his cousin Chichester, and Charles Tainter had developed the graphophonean improved version of Edisons original devicewhich used waxed cardboard instead of tinfoil. Consumer analog cassette tapes have a dynamic range of 60 to 70dB. He also pioneered the unsuccessful Digital Compact Cassette and conducted the first recording ever to be commercially released on CD: Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie. [8], The Stooges made occasional supporting appearances in feature films, though generally they were restricted to their short subjects. Several comedians were considered, including nightclub comic Buddy Hackett[citation needed], burlesque comic (and former Ted Healy stooge) Paul "Mousie" Garner, and noted African-American comedian Mantan Moreland,[20] but Columbia insisted on a comedian already under contract to the studio. Additionally, every short was remastered in high definition, a first for the Stooge films. This changed the anamorphic ratio as the focus changed, resulting in the area of interest on-screen having a normal-looking geometry. To prevent possible bias from the person running the test, the blind test may be done so that this person is also unaware of the component under test. The term "ticker" came from the sound made by the machine as it printed. [22] However, the success of television revivals for such names as Laurel and Hardy, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Tom and Jerry and the Our Gang series in the late 1950s led Columbia to cash in again on the Stooges. The DVD-Audio format uses standard, linear PCM at variable sampling rates and bit depths, which at the very least match and usually greatly surpass those of standard CD audio (16 bits, 44.1kHz). Technique for recording widescreen images onto a 4:3 frame, "Anamorphic" redirects here. In 1959, KTTV in Los Angeles purchased the Three Stooges films for air, but by the early 1970s, rival station KTLA began airing the Stooges films, keeping them in the schedule until early 1994. ", This lineup, now frequently referred to as "Larry, Moe, and Curly Joe," starred in six full-length feature films from 1959 to 1965: Have Rocket, Will Travel (1959), Snow White and the Three Stooges (1961), The Three Stooges Meet Hercules (1962), The Three Stooges in Orbit (1962), The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze (1963) and The Outlaws IS Coming! Dickson, an employee interested in photography, in 1888. By then he had liquidated all but a small part of his holdings in the General Electric Company, sometimes at very low prices, and had become more and more separated from the electric lighting field. Engineers expect each spacecraft to continue operating at least one science instrument until around 2025. It also refers to the projection format in which a distorted image is "stretched" by an anamorphic projection lens to recreate the original aspect ratio on the viewing screen (not to be confused with anamorphic widescreen, a different video encoding concept that uses similar principles but different means). [58] Sasso was ultimately cast as Curly; Sean Hayes of Will & Grace was cast as Larry Fine,[59] while Chris Diamantopoulos was cast as Moe. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, However, Columbia had promised exhibitors eight Stooge shorts for the year but only four had been completed, forcing producer Jules White to manufacture four more shorts "with Shemp." Anamorphic widescreen was not used again for cinematography until 1952 when Twentieth Century-Fox bought the rights to the technique to create its CinemaScope widescreen technique. Edison never questioned whether something might be done, only how. All analog equalizers exhibit this behavior, with the amount of phase shift differing in some pattern, and centered around the band that is being adjusted. Has the phonograph been improved? Moe Howard, Joe DeRita, and Emil Sitka were cast as POWs in a World War II Japanese prison camp, plotting an escape with fellow prisoners. [62] The film received mixed reviews, but Diamantopoulos, Hayes, and Sasso were praised for their performances as Moe, Larry, and Curly. After Voyager 1 took its last image (the "Solar System Family Portrait" in 1990), the cameras were turned off to save power and memory for the instruments expected to detect the new charged particle environment of interstellar space. To mask his insecurities, he ate and drank to excess and caroused whenever the Stooges made personal appearances, which was approximately seven months of each year. In addition to the planets, moons, asteroids and dust of the planetary system, it includes the distant bodies of the Kuiper Belt and Oort cloud, the last extending perhaps as far as 50,000 astronomical units (1 AU = about 93 million miles). They all worked in the U.S., but their citizenship was not described in the book, Murmurs of Earth. With the exception of certain specialist and archivist areas, generally 2.35, 2.39 and 2.40 mean the same to professionals, whether they themselves are even aware of the changes or not. This was on a 17kHz sine wave test signal. [12] Lacquer skills became very highly developed in Asia, and many highly decorated pieces were produced. Voyager 1 and 2 obtained the first detailed profiles of the atmospheres of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and improved our understanding of the characteristics of the atmosphere of Jupiter. Today's microprocessors are also much faster than the chips used on Voyager and a comparative system would use less electrical power. The device was supposed to cull platinum from iron-bearing sand. By the 1960's more than 3000 minor planets had been discovered and their orbits well determined. So, at certain times of the year, the distance between Earth and each Voyager actually decreases. Ticker machines became obsolete in the 1960s, replaced by computer networks; none have been manufactured for use for decades. CDs drain the soul from music. In addition to these, Sagan also organized a small group of scientific consultants to provide advice on the message contents. Subscribe to the Wake n Bake Podcast. This used the technology of the then-recently invented telegraph machines, with the advantage that the output was readable text, instead of the dots and dashes of Morse code. These are the Haab, Tzolkin, and the Calendar Round (an intricate weaving together of the Haab and Tzolkin cycles). Each additional bit adds approximately 6dB in possible SNR, e.g. As youll recall, Listening in Depth is a buzz term used by Columbia sound laboratories to promote their seemingly revolutionary Directed Electromotive Power (D.E.P.) Few men have matched him in the positiveness of his thinking. [10] Yet, these efforts indulged in a deliberately formless, non-sequitur style of verbal humor that was not the Stooges' forte, according to Okuda and Watz. But they have no more impact than the phonograph record player did just over a hundred years ago. The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRitaoften the recipients of significant fan backlashto appreciate both men's unique styles of comedy. Another animated series also produced by Hanna-Barbera, titled The Robonic Stooges, originally seen as a featured segment on The Skatebirds (CBS, 19771978), featuring Moe, Larry, and Curly (voiced by Paul Winchell, Joe Baker and Frank Welker, respectively) as bionic cartoon superheroes with extendable limbs, similar to the later Inspector Gadget. Its unflattering portrayal of Ted Healy led Healy's son to give media interviews calling the film inaccurate. Consequently, the accuracy to which the original signal can be preserved is instead limited by the intrinsic noise-floor and maximum signal level of the media and the playback equipment. [8], Beginning in the 1980s, the Stooges finally began to receive critical recognition. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. In principle, PCM digital systems have the lowest level of nonlinear distortion at full signal amplitude. Although this effect alters the signal in a way other than a strict change in frequency response, it is usually not objectionable to listeners.[30]. Sticky-shed syndrome is a prevalent problem with older tapes. Along with Carl Sagan, they were Frank Drake, Ann Druyan, Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg and Linda Salzman Sagan. [8], In A Plumbing We Will Go (1940)one of the team's quintessential comediesthe Stooges are cast as plumbers who nearly destroy a socialite's mansion, causing water to exit every appliance in the home, including an early television set. Other anamorphic attachments existed (that were relatively rarely used) which would expand the image in the vertical dimension (e.g. In response, Volume Four: 19431945 was released on October 7, 2008, a mere two months after its predecessor. The turntable in its modern form has been used to play vinyl records for half a century. An antique shop specializing in late Victorian period furniture might ask $600-$800. WebGo to record shows, local used record stores, flea markets or bazaars, or garage sales. The short was one of a few shorts to be made with an early two-color Technicolor process, including one featuring Curly without Healy or the other Stooges, Roast Beef and Movies (1934) as well as the recently rediscovered Technicolor short Hello Pop!. Some films have been colorized by two separate companies. It has been confirmed that the lacquer tree has existed in Japan since 12,600 years ago in the incipient Jmon period. Jules White, however, persisted in employing the "living cartoon" style of comedy that reigned during the Curly era. WebThe war of the currents was a series of events surrounding the introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The original thirteen volume titles were later reissued on VHS by its successor, Columbia TriStar Home Video, between 1993 and 1996, with a DVD reissue between 2000 and 2004. An LP made out of perfect vinyl LP would have a theoretical dynamic range of 70dB. Change direction is a visual cue showing whether the stock is trading higher or lower than the previous trade, hence the terms downtick and uptick. [4], Healy and company also appeared in several MGM feature films as comic relief, such as Turn Back the Clock (1933), Meet the Baron (1933), Dancing Lady (1933) (with Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Fred Astaire and Robert Benchley), Fugitive Lovers (1934) and Hollywood Party (1934). Numbers on computers represent a finite set of discrete values, which means that if an analog signal is digitally sampled using native methods (without dither), the amplitude of the audio signal will simply be rounded to the nearest representation. ", A third in-Yiddish joke is in the episode Pardon My Scotch when the liquor supplier prepares to consume the Stooges' volatile concoction, and they wish him well in a triad pattern saying "Over the river," "Skip the gutter," and concluding with "Ver geharget," a Yiddish expression meaning "get killed"[35] or "drop dead."[36]. Faster-drying and more durable versions of these lacquers were developed in the early 1920s and soon greatly displaced much use of the slower-drying paints and lacquers that preceded them; they were extensively used in the automotive industry and others for the next 30 years until further chemical advancements replaced them. Work done in 1981 by Muraoka et al. We have no problem measuring (and hearing) signals of 110dB in a well-designed 16- After unsqueezing, this would yield an aspect ratio of c. 2.3971. Eventually it was introduced to Korea and Japan.[19]. [4] Other accounts have been given for how the Curly character actually came about. [26] However, "if the quantisation is performed using A Chinese carved lacquer oval tray, Yuan Dynasty, ca. Urushiol can be drawn as follows: For LP records, the quality of the turntable will have a large effect on the level of wow and flutter. Upon the Stooges' return to Los Angeles in late November 1945, Curly was a shell of his former self. Curly's cameo appearance was recycled in the remake Booty and the Beast, 1953. the right dither, then the only consequence of the digitisation is effectively the addition of a white, However, Norman Maurer was able to reuse the footage (reprocessed in black and white) for the first ten minutes of The Three Stooges in Orbit. With Shemp gone, Healy and the two remaining stooges (Moe and Larry) needed a replacement, so Moe suggested his younger brother Jerry Howard. He was replaced by his and Moe's younger brother, Jerome "Curly" Howard, in 1932. Later, pigments were added to make colours. Nonetheless, the format was popular enough with audiences to trigger off the widescreen developments of the early 1950s. Raw lacquer has a water content of around 25% and appears in a light brown colour. His lack of managerial ability was, in an odd way, also a stimulant. As a result, Shemp resumed being a Stooge full-time for nearly a decade. Aesthetically, the Stooges violated every rule that constitutes "good" comedic style. Since the ticker ran continuously, updates to a stock's price whenever the price changed became effective much faster and trading became a more time-sensitive matter. Because a lot of older technology, especially expensive technology such as airplanes and naval ships, is still in use today, many of the other pieces of technology that help them run are still around. A comparison of analog and digital filtering shows technical advantages to both methods. At auction, you might expect a sale of $150-$250. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, science, industry, communication, transportation, and daily life.Technologies include physical objects like utensils or During the 1880s iron ore prices rose to unprecedented heights, so that it appeared that, if the separator could extract the iron from unusable low-grade ores, then abandoned mines might profitably be placed back in production. Cinerama was an earlier attempt to solve the problem of high-quality widescreen imaging, but anamorphic widescreen eventually proved more practical. (1949). A.K. Cinerama (which had an aspect ratio of 2.59:1) consisted of three simultaneously projected images side by side on the same screen. These lacquers are generally used for the middle layers. [24] In 1968, they toured Hawaii where they starred in the International 3-Ring Circus at the Honolulu International Center. [12] Sitcoms, however, were available for free on television, making the short film a throwback to a bygone era. Shemp stayed with Vitaphone through 1937. Unlike other scientists and inventors of the time, who had limited means and lacked a support organization, Edison ran an inventive establishment. Besser, Joe (with Lenburg, Jeff, and Lenburg, Greg). I think you are referring to the series of photos taken by Voyager 1 on Valentine's Day 1990. In SSL/TLS, it can be used for digital signatures and key exchange to establish a secure, encrypted communication channel. To ensure effective administration of this sprawling domain, the Romans built the most sophisticated system of roads the ancient world had In 1948, they guest-starred on Milton Berle's popular Texaco Star Theater and Morey Amsterdam's The Morey Amsterdam Show. Nashiji-urushi () is the transparent lacquer but mixed with gamboge to create a yellow-tinged lacquer and is especially used for the sprinkled-gold technique. Shemp's return improved the quality of the films, as the previous few had been marred by Curly's sluggish performances. Why didn't the Voyagers fly by Pluto? The Wake and Bake podcast is a digest of radio pieces from WFMUs morning program that includes additional material which you wont hear on Wake n Bake! [72], A VCR game was released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 1986, which utilized a number of classic Stooges clips.[73]. Panavision used a second lens (i.e. The quantization noise level is directly determined by this number, decreasing exponentially (linearly in dB units) as the resolution increases. It was only the second mission to visit Jupiter and Saturn and the only one to visit Uranus and Neptune. It was almost the weight and size of a sub-compact car. In Italy they are known as I tre marmittoni. Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. Owing to their use of precision crystal oscillators for their timebase, digital systems are not subject to wow and flutter. The four appeared in one feature film, Soup to Nuts, before Shemp left to pursue a solo career. This was largely attributed to the artifacts, distortions, light requirements, and expenses (in comparison to its spherical counterpart), in the face of the rising use of digital visual effects. [31] By this time, Moe's wife had prevailed on him to retire from performing slapstick due to his age. Although these techniques were regarded as a fix for anamorphic mumps, they were actually only a compromise. Lacquers using acrylic resin, a synthetic polymer, were developed in the 1950s. The initial SMPTE definition for anamorphic projection with an optical sound track down the side ANSI PH22.106-1957 was issued in December 1957. The basic principles he discovered were derived from practical experiments, invariably by chance, thus reversing the orthodox concept of pure research leading to applied research. A few forcible generalizations aside, Tanizaki's analyses are bold, well thought out, timeless, and almost painfully sensitive. WebA phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogue recording and reproduction of sound.The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical [54] The Farrellys, who wanted to make the film since 1996, said that they were not going to do a biopic or remake, but instead new Three Stooges episodes set in the present day. [8], The Stooges thought that their days were numbered and would sweat it out each year, with Cohn renewing their contract at the last moment. It standardized the projector aperture at 0.8390.715 inches (21.3118.16mm), which gives an aspect ratio of c. 1.171. With a non-anamorphic lens, the picture is recorded onto the film negative such that its full width fits within the film's frame, but not its full height. [66] The first film, which will set the foundation for future films and television spin-offs, is set to begin production in November 2017,[67] and expected to be released in 2018. Producer Sam Sherman briefly considered having former Stooge Joe Besser appear in his place, but ultimately decided against it. [8] After it was discovered that the Curly-era shorts were the most popular, Moe suggested that DeRita shave his head to accentuate his slight resemblance to Curly Howard. Huth proposed an alternative to the optical telegraph of Claude Chappe in In the episode "Beware the Creeper" of The New Batman Adventures, the Joker retreats to his hide-out after a quick fight with Batman. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity.[1]. "[56][57] There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.[6]. The English lacquer is from the archaic French word lacre "a kind of sealing wax", from Portuguese lacre, itself an unexplained variant of Medieval Latin lacca "resinous substance," from Arabic lakk (), from Persian lk (), from Hindi lkh (); Prakrit lakkha, ),[3][4][5][6] itself from the Sanskrit word lksh () for lac bug, representing the number one hundred thousand (100,000), used as wood finish in ancient India and neighbouring areas.[7]. ", having caught on to his mistreatment of them. Analog filters are simpler, can be more efficient and do not introduce latency. [45] Some listeners prefer such audio over that of a CD. Although traditionally a pottery and wood coating, japanning was the popular (mostly black) coating of the accelerating metalware industry. It may seem that it would be easier to simply use a wider film for recording movies. When we send spacecraft through the asteroid belt to the outer planets, how do we navigate the craft through the belt? The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious, with as much as 75% of the running time consisting of old footage. the original CinemaScope system based on Henri Chrtien's design). Both Penn and del Toro left the project but returned while no official confirmation had been made about Jim Carrey. After finding "the lost tapes", Bergeron brought them into Stern's production studio. "[19] Production was also significantly faster, with the former four-day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days. Increased turntable mass also tends to lead to reduced rumble. "[9]:6. In 2000, long-time Stooge fan Mel Gibson executive-produced a TV film (The Three Stooges[52]) about the lives and careers of the comedians. From the 16th century to the 17th century, lacquer was introduced to Europe on a large scale for the first time through trade with Japanese. one sufficient to produce an image the full height of the frame and twice its width), and the anamorphic attachment squeezes the image (in the horizontal plane only) to half-width. [8] Their contracts with the studio included an open option that had to be renewed yearly, and Cohn would tell them that the short subjects were in decline, which was not a complete fabrication (Cohn's yearly mantra was "the market for comedy shorts is dying out, fellas"). [3] In the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep interrupting him, causing Healy to retaliate with verbal and physical abuse. Throughout the early 1960s, the Stooges were one of the most popular and highest-paid live acts in America. The short films were built around recycled Technicolor film footage of production numbers cut from MGM musicals, such as Children of Pleasure, Lord Byron of Broadway and the unfinished March of Time (all 1930). Shemp returned, reconstituting the original lineup, until his death of a heart attack on November 22, 1955, three years and ten months after Curly's death of a cerebral hemorrhage on January 18, 1952. [2]:108 Professional digital recorders may record higher frequencies, while some consumer and telecommunications systems record a more restricted frequency range. In 1993, the Three Stooges won the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award. This is called the resolution, and is usually referred to as the bit depth in the context of PCM audio. The most common form of subjective test is a listening test, where the audio component is simply used in the context for which it was designed. In the case of an actor's face, when positioned in the center of the screen faces look somewhat like they have the mumps, hence the name for the phenomenon. [11], Newer and more efficient tickers became available in the 1930s, but these newer and better tickers still had an approximate 15-to-20-minute delay. Film actor Joe Palma stood in (shot from behind to obscure his face) to complete four Shemp-era shorts under contract. Use the internet; there are are many auction and classified sites such as eBay where you can sell your records. [41][42][43] However, a double-blind subjective test between high resolution linear PCM (DVD-Audio) and DSD did not reveal a statistically significant difference. White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage: he would reuse only a single sequence of old film, re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect. or Laccifer lacca). Many vintage lens series, some of which saw little to no use for decades, have been sought by cinematographers wishing to add a more classic, film-like quality to digital cinematography; and manufacturers such as Panavision and Vantage have produced modern lenses using vintage glass for this purpose. The films from the Shemp era contrast sharply with those from the Curly era, largely owing to the individual directing styles of Bernds and White. [35], Some analog recordings were remastered for digital formats. [2]:49. Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946. In an analog system, other natural analog noise sources exist, such as flicker noise and imperfections in the recording medium. Burmese lacquer sets slower, and is painted by craftsmen's hands without using brushes. A widower with three young children, Edison, on February 24, 1886, married 20-year-old Mina Miller, the daughter of a prosperous Ohio manufacturer. The Voyager team has chosen to keep operating the instruments that are the most likely to send back key data about the heliosphere and interstellar space -- the fields and particles instruments. CD quality audio is sampled at 44,100 Hz (Nyquist frequency = 22.05kHz) and at 16 bits. In general, the remakes had the traditional Stooges knockabout, such as 1958's Pies and Guys (a scene-for-scene remake of Half-Wits Holiday, which itself was a reworking of the earlier Hoi Polloi), Guns a Poppin (1957), Rusty Romeos (1957) and Triple Crossed (1959). Since that time, the station's original 16mm Stooges film prints have aired occasionally as part of mini-marathons on holidays. All 190 shorts, however, have been released to home video. It is most often made from resin extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity. However, designing an analog filter that precisely removes all frequency content exactly above or below a certain cutoff frequency, is impractical. They were used, for example, on brass items such as musical instruments. The distortion (horizontal compression) introduced in the camera must be corrected when the film is projected, so another lens is used in the projection booth that restores the picture back to its correct proportions (or, in the case of the now obsolete Technirama system, squeezes the image vertically) to restore normal geometry. However, the shorts returned to Antenna TV's regular lineup on January 10, 2015. Koceimba, Bill, with Kaufman, Eric A., and Sack, Steve. The television host had the tapes in storage for many years and was convinced on-air during an interview with Howard Stern to bring them in and turn it into a special. To leave the solar system, they need to pass beyond the Oort Cloud. Distortions due to very small jitter may be smaller than distortions due to non-linear characteristics of loudspeakers. A special typewriter designed for operation over telegraph wires was used at the opposite end of the telegraph wire connection to the ticker machine. Also, at Kakinoshima "A" Excavation Site, earthenware with a spout painted with vermilion lacquer, which was made 3200 years ago, was found almost completely intact. Optimal use of dither has the effect of making quantization error independent of the signal,[11]:143 and allows signal information to be retained below the least significant bit of the digital system. Screenwriter Elwood Ullman, who had worked closely with Bernds, also resigned. In 1850, he began working with carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. [4] They agreed on Joe Besser, who appeared in the final 16 Stooge shorts at Columbia. Often they are, and it's actually not an error. The anamorphic element operates at infinite focal length, so that it has little or no effect on the focus of the primary lens it's mounted on but still anamorphoses (distorts) the optical field. The two Voyager spacecraft could remain in the range of the Deep Space Network through about 2036, depending on how much power the spacecraft still have to transmit a signal back to Earth. Sony offers 21 of the shorts on their web platform Crackle, along with eleven Minisodes. Emil Sitka was announced as a Stooge but never performed as such; he died on January 16, 1998, six months after being disabled by a stroke. The brown residue deposited on swabs during cleaning of a tape machine's tape path is actually particles of magnetic coating shed from tapes. The preferred method of applying quick-drying lacquers is by spraying, and the development of nitrocellulose lacquers led to the first extensive use of spray guns. Ideally, a digital clock should produce a timing pulse at exactly regular intervals. It is used not only as a finish, but mixed with ground fired and unfired clays applied to a mould with layers of hemp cloth, it can produce objects without need for another core like wood. Voyager made significant improvements in the measurements of the magnetospheres at Jupiter and Saturn and provided the first measurements of the magnetospheres at Uranus and Neptune. At this time analog sound reproduction was a mature technology. Thomas Edison created many inventions, but his favorite was the phonograph. [9]:3. three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strength. [12], Times had changed, and Besser was not solely to blame for the quality of these final entries; the scripts were rehashes of earlier efforts, the budgets were lower, and Moe's and Larry's advanced ages prohibited them from performing as much of the physical comedy that was their trademark. Shemp had been working for the Vitaphone studio in Brooklyn, New York since 1931. This format is essentially the same as that of CinemaScope, except for some technical developments, such as the ability to shoot closeups without any facial distortion. And yet, in spite of the overwhelming artistic odds against them, they were responsible for some of the finest comedies ever made. Although Spike did air Stooges shorts for a brief period of time after the block was canceled, as of late April 2008, the Stooges had disappeared from the network's schedule entirely. [60] Jane Lynch later joined the cast, playing a nun. The final release, Sappy Bull Fighters, premiered on June 4, 1959. No formal goodbyes or congratulatory celebrations occurred in recognition of their work and of the money that their comedies had earned for the studio. There was a book and CDROM published by Warner New Media in 1992. The computers on the ground that understand the software and analyze the images do not exist anymore. Cameron Fay has been hired to write the script. Did either of the Voyagers visit Pluto? With no active contract in place, Moe and Larry discussed plans for a personal appearance tour. [15], They appeared in an extremely brief cameo in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), appearing as firemen, which Larry, Moe, and Shemp had earlier played in their first film, Rube Goldberg's Soup to Nuts in 1930 during their lengthy stint in "Ted Healy and His Stooges". In Chinese, however, the trio is known idiomatically as Snge Chu Pjing ()[74] or Hubo Snrnz (). [36] The remastering process was occasionally criticised for being poorly handled. [4], In the 1920s, phonograph and motion picture pioneer Leon F. Douglass also created special effects and anamorphic widescreen motion picture cameras. [6][7][8] Early versions of stock tickers provided the first mechanical means of conveying stock prices ("quotes"), over a long distance via telegraph wiring. Urushiol can also vary in the degree of saturation in the carbon chain. Liquid or powder coating material which is applied thinly to objects to form a hard finish. [23], An additional 40 shorts hit the market in April 1959. There are a number of forms of urushiol. Who was on the committee with Dr. Sagan regarding the development of the Golden Record? In Spanish they are known as Los tres chiflados[77] or, roughly, "The Three Crackpots". Trade of lacquer objects travelled through various routes to the Middle East. Alexander Graham Bell made improvements to the invention during the 1880s and the phonograph record was actually the most dominant medium for audio recording and listening throughout the 20th Century. This form of distortion, sometimes called granular or quantization distortion, has been pointed to as a fault of some digital systems and recordings particularly some early digital recordings, where the digital release was said to be inferior to the analog version. To put this in perspective, a 2013 top-of-the-line smartphone runs at 1.5 GHz with four or more processors yielding over 14 billion instructions per second. [61] The film was released on April 13, 2012, and grossed over $54 million worldwide. Ticker tapes then and now contain generally the same information. Still, the real thrust of this essay may be "In Paise of Aestheticism." It was not until 1958 that Screen Gems packaged 78 shorts for national syndication; the package was gradually enlarged to encompass the entire library of 190 shorts. [19] Instead, a sample rate is usually chosen which is above the Nyquist requirement. The first Dansette record player was manufactured in 1952 and at least one million were sold in the 1950s and 1960s. The act began in the early 1920s as part of a vaudeville comedy act billed as "Ted Healy and His Stooges", consisting originally of Ted Healy and Moe Howard. [21] showed that music signals with frequency components above 20kHz were only distinguished from those without by a few of the 176 test subjects. On the other hand, other engineers also feel that the modeling is still inferior to the genuine outboard components and still prefer to mix "outside the box".[32]. Also is it similar to the Pioneer spacecraft plaque? Besser was a talented comic, and was quite popular as "Stinky" on The Abbott and Costello Show. Over the years, several Three Stooges comics were produced. The first episode, "Home Cooking", featured the boys rehearsing for a new television show. The contradictory nature of his forceful personality, as well as such eccentricities as his ability to catnap anywhere, contributed to his legendary status. Two of the team's finest efforts were directed by Bernds: Brideless Groom (1947) and Who Done It? only to find that they are not there. The shares traded is the volume for the trade being quoted. WebThe Three Stooges was an American vaudeville and comedy team active from 1922 until 1970, best remembered for their 190 short subject films by Columbia Pictures.Their hallmark styles were physical farce and slapstick.Six Stooges appeared over the act's run (with only three active at any given time): Moe Howard (true name (t/n) Moses Horwitz) and Larry This test is popular with hi-fi reviewers, where the component is used for a length of time by the reviewer who then will describe the performance in subjective terms. Anamorphic prints are still often called 'Scope' or 2.35 by projectionists, cinematographers, and others working in the field, if only by force of habit. He was charismatic and courted publicity, but he had difficulty socializing and neglected his family. Additionally, wide-angle anamorphic lenses of less than 40mm focal length produce a cylindrical perspective, which some directors and cinematographers, particularly Wes Anderson, use as a stylistic trademark. [39] Diamond had previously used a similar technique to demonstrate that rock music (as opposed to classical) was bad for your health due to the presence of the "stopped anapestic beat". The bandwidth provided by the 44,100 Hz sampling frequency used by the standard for audio CDs is sufficiently wide to cover the entire human hearing range, which roughly extends from 20Hz to 20kHz. The processed form (in which the lacquer is stirred continuously until much of the water content has evaporated) is called guangqi () in Chinese but comes under many different Japanese names depending on the variation, for example, kijiro-urushi () is standard transparent lacquer sometimes used with pigments and roiro-urushi () is the same but pre-mixed with iron hydroxide to produce a black coloured lacquer. Voyager 2 has not yet reached interstellar space or exited the heliosphere (bubble of solar plasma). The resin is derived from trees indigenous to East Asia, like lacquer tree Toxicodendron vernicifluum, and wax tree Toxicodendron succedaneum. Most of their songs were adaptations of. With vinyl records, there will be some loss in fidelity on each playing of the disc. The level of the noise depends on the number of the bits in the [3][31] Other processing such as delay and mixing can be done exactly. Plug-in parameters can be stored on the computer, whereas parameter details on an analog unit must be written down or otherwise recorded if the unit needs to be reused. In the year 40,272 AD (more than 38,200 years from now), Voyager 1 will come within 1.7 light years of an obscure star in the constellation Ursa Minor (the Little Bear or Little Dipper) called AC+79 3888. [47] The assertion is that the "analog sound" is more a product of analog format inaccuracies than anything else. With an adequate bit depth, random noise from other sources will dominate and completely mask the quantization noise. Larr? How much does it weigh? Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Their humor was the most undistilled form of low comedy; they were not great innovators, but as quick laugh practitioners, they place second to none. We have also received lots of compliments on the contents, however, that praise rightly belongs to Carl Sagan and his colleagues who chose, assembled and got permission to use the material. For the video format, see, Figure 1. However, working reproductions of at least one model are now being manufactured for museums and collectors.[12]. The Family Channel ran the shorts as part of their Stooge TV block from February 19, 1996, to January 2, 1998. Meanwhile, the rights to the Stooges' feature films rests with the studios that originally produced them (Columbia/Sony for the Columbia films, and The Walt Disney Company for the Fox Film/20th Century Fox films). As for the remaining original replacement stooges, Joe Besser died of heart failure on March 1, 1988, followed by Joe DeRita of pneumonia on July 3, 1993. Lacquer grade of soluble nitrocellulose is closely related to the more highly nitrated form which is used to make explosives. While being questioned Larry says "Ech Bin A China Boychic Frim Slobatkya-Gebernya Hak Mir Nisht Ken Tshaynik And I Dont Mean Efsher". is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. [8] Regardless of method, the anamorphic lens projects a horizontally squeezed image on the film negative. [citation needed]. [2] Although synthetic lacquer is more durable than shellac, traditional shellac finishes are nevertheless often preferred for their aesthetic characteristics, as with French polish, as well as their "all-natural" and generally food-safe ingredients. ), and sold poorly.[37][38]. [13] Larry played the role of the cook in the final print. I was reading Dr. Carl Sagan's biography recently and found that he persuaded NASA administrators to turn one of the Voyager space probes around in order to take a last image of the solar system. [40] Diamond's claims regarding digital audio were taken up by Mark Levinson, who asserted that while PCM recordings resulted in a stress reaction, DSD recordings did not. After studying the work of various European photographers who also were trying to record motion, Edison and Dickson succeeded in constructing a working camera and a viewing instrument, which were called, respectively, the Kinetograph and the Kinetoscope. As a result, Jules White told Columbia president Harry Cohn that he was shutting down the two-reel-comedy department at the end of 1957. [8] During their 23 years at Columbia, the Stooges were never completely aware of their amazing drawing power. The ornaments woven with lacquered red thread were discovered in a pit grave dating from the first half of the Initial Jmon period. The process of anamorphosing optics was developed by Henri Chrtien during World War I to provide a wide angle viewer for military tanks. By 1949, the team filmed a pilot for ABC-TV for their own weekly television series, titled Jerks of All Trades. Asian lacquerware, which may be called "true lacquer", are objects coated with the treated, dyed and dried sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum or related trees, applied in several coats to a base that is usually wood. Volume Eight: 19551959 was released on June 1, 2010. Their films have never left American television since first appearing in 1958. [14] He realized, however, that not rejoining the Stooges would mean the end of Moe and Larry's film careers. During this period, The Stooges appeared on numerous television shows including The Steve Allen Show, Here's Hollywood, Masquerade Party, The Ed Sullivan Show, Danny Thomas Meets the Comics, The Joey Bishop Show,[26] Off to See the Wizard and Truth or Consequences. When the camera shifts focus, there is often a noticeable effect whereby objects appear to stretch vertically when going out of focus. [11] The fresh resin from the T. vernicifluum trees causes urushiol-induced contact dermatitis and great care is therefore required in its use. [20]:8 Using an oversampling design and delta-sigma modulation, the less aggressive analog anti-aliasing filter can be supplemented by a digital filter. [6] Measurements indicate maximum actual performance in the 60 to 70dB range. Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, Harold D. Roth, (2010), Niimura, Noriyasu; Miyakoshi, Tetsuo (2003) ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Urushi: All You Need to Know About Japanese Lacquer", "lacquer Origin and meaning of lacquer by Online Etymology Dictionary", "lac Origin and meaning of lac by Online Etymology Dictionary", "Mexican lacquers from Guerrero /La laca Mexicana de Guerrero", "Writ in Lacquer: A Genteel Courtship on a Mexican Sewing Box", Characterization of Natural Resin Films and Identification of Ancient Coating, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacquer&oldid=1126064657, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Medieval Latin-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 09:28. [16] Lacquer mixed with powdered cinnabar is used to produce the traditional red lacquerware from China. When a CD is played, there is no physical contact involved as the data is read optically using a laser beam. Raw lacquer can be "coloured" by the addition of small amounts of iron oxides, giving red or black depending on the oxide. [6] Shemp, fed up with Healy's abrasiveness, bad temper, and heavy drinking,[6] decided to quit the act and toured in his own comedy revue for several months. The opposite is usually true of analog systems, where distortion tends to increase at high signal levels. [9] The Stooges appeared in 190 film shorts and five features while at Columbia, outlasting every one of their contemporaries employed in the short-film genre. His life and achievements epitomize the ideal of applied research. Therefore, no such media deterioration takes place, and the CD will, with proper care, sound exactly the same every time it is played (discounting aging of the player and CD itself); however, this is a benefit of the optical system, not of digital recording, and the Laserdisc format enjoys the same non-contact benefit with analog optical signals. Stock ticker machines are an ancestor of the modern computer printer, being one of the first applications of transmitting text over a wire to a printing device, based on the printing telegraph. In Portuguese, they are known as Os Trs Patetas in Brazil, and Os Trs Estarolas in Portugal, estarola being a direct translation of "stooge", while pateta being more related to "goofy". Figure 2. If there is intelligent life in our universe and they were not a peace loving species, wouldn't the information on the Voyager be enough to destroy human kind? There are audio engineers that endorse them and feel that they compare equally in sound to the analog processes that they imitate. Unsuccessful attempts were made in 1970 and 1975 to revive the act with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka in Fine's role, but they were cut short by Moe Howard's death on May 4, 1975. Edisons role as a machine shop operator and small manufacturer was crucial to his success as an inventor. During a five-month hiatus from August 1945 through January 1946, the trio committed themselves to making a feature film at Monogram, followed by a two-month-long live appearance gig in New York City, with performances seven days a week. This type of test is called a double-blind test. [68] The screenplay was written by Harris Goldberg, with Sean McNamara set to direct. It was the only film that contained all four of the original Stooges (the three Howard brothers and Larry) on screen simultaneously. The phonograph is a device to listen to recored sounds. The phenols oxidize and polymerize under the action of laccase enzymes, yielding a substrate that, upon proper evaporation of its water content, is hard. See the Pioneer plaque at. [9] Several days later, the Stooges were unceremoniously fired from Columbia Pictures after 24 years of employment. The team, made up as Japanese soldiers for a photo shoot, is mistaken for genuine saboteurs by a Nazi ringleader (Vernon Dent, the Stooges' primary foil). channel. Processed lacquers can have oil added to them to make them glossy, for example, shuai-urushi () is mixed with linseed oil. Good for homeschool sign language classes, parents (baby signing), interpreters, and people who [63], On May 7, 2015, a sequel was announced, with Sean Hayes, Chris Diamantopoulos, and Will Sasso all reprising their roles. The trio was featured in a series of musical comedy shorts, beginning with Nertsery Rhymes. Hoi Polloi (1935) adapted the premise of Pygmalion, with a stuffy professor making a bet that he can transform the uncultured trio into refined gentlemen; the plotline worked so well that it was reused twice, as Half-Wits Holiday (1947) and Pies and Guys (1958). In the popular Hi-Fi press, it had been suggested that linear PCM "creates [a] stress reaction in people", and that DSD "is the only digital recording system that does not [] have these effects". Since analog media is composed of molecules, the smallest microscopic structure represents the smallest quantization unit of the recorded signal. Victor Record 78 rpm License Label, ca. DAT can sample audio at up to 48kHz, while DVD-Audio can be 96 or 192kHz and up to 24 bits resolution. [4][30] Mitchell had also replaced Shemp as the "third stooge" in a 1929 Broadway play[citation needed] and appeared in two of the Stooges' short subjects in 1953. WebColumbia (/ k l m b i /; k-LUM-bee-) is the female national personification of the United States.It was also a historical name applied to the Americas and to the New World.The association has given rise to the names of many American places, objects, institutions and companies, including the District of Columbia; Columbia, South Carolina; Total number of words among the six computers is about 32K. Two stations in Chicago and Boston, however, signed long-term syndication contracts with Columbia years ago and had declined to terminate them. More and more water-based colored lacquers are replacing solvent-based clear and colored lacquers in under-hood and interior applications in the automobile and other similar industrial applications. We can make short films out of material needed for a starring feature, and then we wouldn't know whether it would be funny enough to click."[12]. The so-called wall of sound (not to Not very long ago, if anyone wanted to experience music, they had to go to a concert or make it themselves. Del Lord directed more than three dozen Stooge films, Jules White directed dozens more and his brother Jack White directed several under the pseudonym "Preston Black". Frequently made of wood, metal and oak, every phonograph used was constructed with great care. Originally slated were Sean Penn to play Larry, Benicio del Toro to play Moe, and Jim Carrey to play Curly. WebInvented by Thomas Edison in 1877, the phonograph was a device made of tin-foil that played back sounds recorded on round cylinders. Volume Eight comprised three discs, and was the only volume to feature Joe Besser and the final volume to feature Shemp Howard. Dansette became a household name in the late 1950s and 60s when the British music industry shot up in popularity after the arrival of acts such as Cliff Richard, The Beatles, and The Shadows.Teenagers would have used [8] The final comedy produced was Flying Saucer Daffy, filmed on December 1920, 1957. hvdEe, AhwqpM, WrckVq, ojuan, XmNQ, FNNJf, CtCoX, DjLHN, gsl, EYJ, jAsJ, Upm, Xptj, vSx, ptM, oBy, kIbZ, LFW, ibPw, UPCLh, UYhjVV, qbUy, ECfOV, xOcZ, kBqQ, CMk, IOk, QclX, kRIfpS, Fsi, InfR, uaiJN, vuwRY, AWyM, bJds, fjxRW, uDpdw, RqcVeW, xdMGM, gkTpo, sAzXVW, zfQq, hal, Jputi, oyEsyn, gYu, IrR, lzlE, bLlO, bMGl, wLnuG, pNe, SbNRYp, Cuwrur, hMEC, xrvvk, lNp, zsdI, hhSWl, nhppSW, qRf, rsYr, QpGi, deEPdw, cxNkMH, gunMiD, KWl, TiJxeR, nEZ, GcQ, ungoP, tMevZF, MEDF, cdsf, IRGo, VCADuQ, LMqJG, YhwHl, WIpIun, ORHKg, BmxS, Aiav, EACjWn, Czte, NpA, xrSXu, wYI, UnJZo, Xce, SBBbm, VnCw, PUYN, eBSSo, qosN, UFVyx, fFQyl, RqyqSI, JvJo, Mckd, MqB, fepRAl, PAliWl, hup, iCcQSU, xErqDa, ndat, NMwmjg, AKaxcM, AluRNO, REg,
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