10731081, 2007. C. A. M. la Porta, L. Tessitore, and R. Comolli, Changes in protein kinase C , and in nuclear isoform expression in tumour and lung metastatic nodules induced by diethylnitrosamine in the rat, Carcinogenesis, vol. Search translated nucleotide databases using a protein query. Moreover, PKC, I, II, , , , , , and have been detected in the human RCC cell line CCF-RC1 [474]. Several groups have also demonstrated that anticancer agents that downregulate PKC can efficiently induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and inhibit their growth in vivo and in vitro. S. I. Oikarinen, A. Pajari, I. Salminen, S. Heinonen, H. Adlercreutz, and M. Mutanen, Effects of a flaxseed mixture and plant oils rich in -linolenic acid on the adenoma formation in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 2, pp. 3, pp. 2, pp. 6, pp. 287300, 2005. 6, pp. [42], 1igr: TYPE 1 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (DOMAINS 1-3), 1k3a: Structure of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Kinase, 1m7n: Crystal Structure of Unactivated APO Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Kinase Domain. This high processivity is due in part to the -clamps that "hold" onto the DNA strands. 21742182, 2012. Furthermore, PKC can be used as a prognostic indicator in NSCLC and ovarian cancer [306, 500]. Activity of MAP kinases is restricted by a number of protein phosphatases, which remove the phosphate groups that are added to specific serine or threonine residues of the kinase and are required to maintain the kinase in an active conformation. 118, no. 315, no. In the N-terminal extremity of the catalytic domain there is a glycine-rich stretch of residues in the vicinity of a lysine amino acid, which has been shown to be involved in ATP binding. Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. Kinomer: A multilevel HMM library for the classification and functional annotation of eukaryotic protein kinases. In a recent study, PKC was also shown to be involved in promoting the aggressive phenotype of LNCaP cells [454], while another study postulated that its overexpression inhibits invasive and metastatic activity in Dunning R-3327 rat prostate cancer cells [455]. In those cases other inhibitors such as dasatinib and nilotinib can be used. 19311936, 2011. 141152, 2010. 3343633442, 1998. 82, no. Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines.In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1 and MIP-1 that are now (according to the new nomenclature) officially named CCL3 and CCL4, respectively. 65, no. 5, pp. 747763, 1994. KIT also identifies the earliest thymocyte progenitors in the thymusearly T lineage progenitors (ETP/DN1) and DN2 thymocytes express high levels of c-Kit. On the other hand, PKC activation by TPA or a methoxyflavanone derivative WJ9708012 was shown to enhance apoptosis of the prostate cancer cells through the downregulation of the serine/threonine kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated [431], Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL in association with the degradation of the proapoptotic proteins Bid and Bad [432]. 1, pp. C. A. M. la Porta, A. di Dio, D. Porro, and R. Comolli, Overexpression of novel protein kinase C in BL6 murine melanoma cells inhibits the proliferative capacity in vitro but enhances the metastatic potential in vivo, Melanoma Research, vol. Regular features include articles by leading authorities and reports on the latest treatments for diseases. In fact, inhibition of PKC suppresses anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and migration in K-Ras-dependent NSCLC cells [323] and promotes chemotherapy-induced apoptosis [324]. PKC is also involved in IFN--induced growth inhibition of CML cells through phosphorylation of Stat1 [374]. A truncated chimeric PKC cloned from a thyroid cancer cell line protects thyroid cells from apoptosis, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 3, pp. 286, no. 48, pp. 235247, 2011. 3545, 2005. Interestingly, TPA-induced PKC activation in ER negative cells shows a different pattern compared to ER positive breast cancer cells. 987994, 2012. 20, no. 47, no. J. Koivunen, V. Aaltonen, S. Koskela, P. Lehenkar, M. Laato, and J. Peltonen, Protein kinase C / inhibitor Go6976 promotes formation of cell junctions and inhibits invasion of urinary bladder carcinoma cells, Cancer Research, vol. J. Y. C. Chow, H. Dong, K. T. Quach, P. N. van Nguyen, K. Chen, and J. M. Carethers, TGF- mediates PTEN suppression and cell motility through calcium-dependent PKC- activation in pancreatic cancer cells, American Journal of PhysiologyGastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 11571163, 2004. The two major types of lung cancer are nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (85%) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (15%); NSCLC can be further divided into three subtypes: squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large-cell lung cancer [287]. 26, no. The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).. 4, pp. 1, pp. 134, no. In this process, MMP-10 acts as a critical effector of the PKC-Par6/Rac1 signaling axis that is required for anchorage-independent growth and invasion of NSCLC cells [313]. 130, no. S. Sarkar and V. W. Yong, Reduction of protein kinase C delta attenuates tenascin-C stimulated glioma invasion in three-dimensional matrix, Carcinogenesis, vol. Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). 10551065, 2013. 2635, 2008. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. 10, no. 4, pp. 3, pp. D. Wu and D. M. Terrian, Regulation of caveolin-1 expression and secretion by a protein kinase C signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 93, no. S. Sarveswaran, V. Thamilselvan, C. Brodie, and J. Ghosh, Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via down-regulation of protein kinase C-epsilon, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. [14] In addition, mast cells, melanocytes in the skin, and interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract express KIT. 1, pp. The activated Notch4 is closely associated with the promotion of estrogen-independent, TAM-resistant growth and chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer cells [522]. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. S. C. Lin, W. Y. Chen, K. Y. Lin et al., Clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance of protein kinase C overexpression in human gastric carcinoma, PLoS ONE, vol. 23, no. Y. S. Pu, C. Y. Huang, J. Y. Chen et al., Down-regulation of PKC in renal cell carcinoma and its clinicopathological implications, Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 71, no. L. A. Davidson, Y.-H. Jiang, J. N. Derr, H. M. Aukema, J. R. Lupton, and R. S. Chapkin, Protein kinase C isoforms in human and rat colonic mucosa, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 13991407, 2012. 7, pp. H. Harrison, G. Farnie, S. J. Howell et al., Regulation of breast cancer stem cell activity by signaling through the Notch4 receptor, Cancer Research, vol. IGF-1R has been shown to have a significant effect on body size in small dog breeds. M. Blass, I. Kronfeld, G. Kazimirsky, P. M. Blumberg, and C. Brodie, Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C is essential for its apoptotic effect in response to etoposide, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. PKC isozymes are involved in multiple signal transduction systems that respond to a variety of external stimulators, including hormones, growth factors, and other membrane receptor ligands. A. Paone, D. Starace, R. Galli et al., Toll-like receptor 3 triggers apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells through a PKC--dependent mechanism, Carcinogenesis, vol. 39953999, 2010. 12251233, 2009. MAPK3 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3) is a Protein Coding gene. During embryonic development, the IGF-1R pathway is involved with the developing limb buds. 11, pp. A. Bae, J. H.. Lee et al., KITENIN recruits Dishevelled/PKCd to form a functional complex and controls the migration and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells, Gut, vol. 29, no. The Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), the official scientific publication of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), aims to satisfy the educational needs of the dermatology community.As the specialty's leading journal, JAAD features original, peer-reviewed articles emphasizing: For example, PKC-specific inhibitors have been used in combination with anticancer drugs in clinical trials, but satisfactory results have not yet been obtained [296298, 437]. The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. L. A. Davidson, Y. Jiang, J. R. Lupton, and R. S. Chapkin, Noninvasive detection of putative biomarkers for colon cancer using fecal messenger RNA, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. M. R. Baer, S. L. George, R. K. Dodge et al., Phase 3 study of the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: cancer and Leukemia Group B study 9720, Blood, vol. tblastn. T. Kuo, W. Huang, and J. Guh, WJ9708012 exerts anticancer activity through PKC- related crosstalk of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stresses in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 113, no. V. G. Keshamouni, R. R. Mattingly, and K. B. Reddy, Mechanism of 17--estradiol-induced Erk1/2 activation in breast cancer cells. 55, no. 7, pp. On the other hand, Pu et al. 2, pp. Z. In prostate cancer progression and angiogenesis, osteopontin, a multifunctional glycosylated phosphoprotein, activates PKC, which then plays a critical role in COX-2 expression, ultimately resulting in enhanced cell migration and invasion and angiogenesis [428]. Moreover, activation of the c-Abl/PKC signaling pathway results in claudin-1-induced MMP-2 expression as well as cell invasion and migration [282]. 15271533, 2009. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. 780786, 2003. 13, pp. 345, no. interferon receptors), the GM-CSF receptor family (IL-3R, IL-5R and GM-CSF-R), the gp130 receptor family (e.g., IL-6R), and the single chain receptors (e.g. 5, pp. 2543625442, 1998. 2, pp. However, aprinocarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide against PKC, shows no clinical benefit in patients with recurrent high-grade astrocytomas [199]. 5, pp. 6, pp. For example, MEK (MAPKK), which is involved in the MAP kinase cascade, is a both a serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase. 1, pp. 239, no. Many profiling services are available from fluorescent-based assays to radioisotope based detections, and competition binding assays. The ligand stem cell factor binds via the second and third immunoglobulin domains. $5000 awarded annually by the Society of Biological Psychiatry! S. S. Palaniyandi, L. Sun, J. C. B. Ferreira, and D. Mochly-Rosen, Protein kinase C in heart failure: a therapeutic target? Cardiovascular Research, vol. 6, no. 166171, 2000. D. Mol, E. Gentilin, T. Gagliano et al., Protein kinase C: a putative new target for the control of human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro, Endocrinology, vol. 46574664, 1997. 18901900, 2001. 987995, 2007. 783797, 2010. 39, pp. 65906596, 2000. 45, pp. In addition, increased expression of glutamate transporters, also known as excitatory amino-acid transporters, leads to prolonged survival and reduced tumor growth in glioma-bearing animals [192]. 12591263, 2009. [10] Syk plays a similar role in transmitting signals from a variety of cell surface receptors including CD74, Fc receptor, and integrins. Part of this signaling may be via IGF1R/insulin receptor heterodimers (the reason for the confusion is that binding studies show that IGF-1 binds the insulin receptor 100-fold less well than insulin, yet that does not correlate with the actual potency of IGF-1 in vivo at inducing phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and hypoglycemia). These data suggest that PKC inhibitors (e.g., enzastaurin) may be efficient for the prevention of colon cancer because PKCI and II appear to be involved in carcinogen-induced colon cancer initiation and progression [122, 124, 125, 133]. MIP-3 (CCL20) and MIP-3 (CCL19). 1, Article ID e29124, 2012. 35, pp. 20642074, 2010. 19, pp. Furthermore, activation of PKC in mice xenografted with PC3 cells can increase angiogenic activity through enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 [470]. 21, no. 23, no. 10, no. N. Das Evcimen and G. L. King, The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes, Pharmacological Research, vol. S. Kahana, S. Finniss, S. Cazacu et al., Proteasome inhibitors sensitize glioma cells and glioma stem cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by PKC-dependent downregulation of AKT and XIAP expressions, Cellular Signalling, vol. 2936529375, 2009. 10, pp. 6, pp. ANXA1 (Annexin A1) is a Protein Coding gene. PMID: 18271917, Carpenter G. The EGF receptor: a nexus for trafficking and signaling. 2, pp. 1, pp. 722729, 2008. J. H. Kang, D. Asai, S. Yamada et al., A short peptide is a protein kinase C (PKC) -specific substrate, Proteomics, vol. 6, pp. 10, pp. 124, no. BK-mediated migration of prostate cancer cells involves upregulation of MMP-9 and activation of the B2 receptor/PKC/c-Src/NF-B signaling pathway [469]. TPA-induced growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase, upregulation of cancer suppressor gene miR-101, and downregulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 during embryonic ectoderm development in HepG2 cells are all PKC-dependent [274]. 285, no. B. Wu, H. Zhou, L. Hu, Y. Mu, and Y. Wu, Involvement of PKC activation in TF/VIIa/PAR2-induced proliferation, migration, and survival of colon cancer cell SW620, Tumor Biology, vol. S. M. Kornblau, H. T. Vu, P. Ruvolo et al., BAX and PKC modulate the prognostic impact of BCL2 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia, Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 36863697, 2013. 8589, 2004. M. Oka, U. Kikkawa, and C. Nishigori, Protein kinase C-II represses hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasion by preventing the association of adapter protein Gab1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in melanoma cells, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 41374141, 1996. 24, no. 21, pp. In addition, resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural stilbene with anticancer activity, induces p53-mediated apoptosis, but this apoptotic process is inhibited by PKC activation via EGF [430]. E. E. W. Cohen, M. W. Lingen, B. Zhu et al., Protein kinase C mediates epidermal growth factor-induced growth of head and neck tumor cells by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase, Cancer Research, vol. [4] They, too, activate human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) which can lead to acute neutrophilic inflammation. Five PKC isozymes , II, , , and are present in normal rat hepatocytes, the rat HCC cell line FAO, and in the human HCC cell line HepG2 (all but PKC) [261]. 7792, 2013. 14, no. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. 21, pp. 438, no. 2-3, pp. 315, no. 2279922807, 2006. 86598672, 2004. 42, no. 60866093, 2004. 4355943568, 2011. Hematopoietic progenitor cells are normally present in the blood at low levels. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and cause some form of cellular/tissue response, e.g. 34, no. 39873991, 2012. In chemokine receptor 7-positive HNSCC cells, PKC is required for activation and nuclear translocation of NF-B induced by chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19, resulting in enhanced cell survival [246, 247]. D. Wu, F. Sui, C. Du et al., Antisense expression of PKC improved sensitivity of SGC7901/VCR cells to doxorubicin, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. H. Lemjabbar-Alaoui, S. S. Sidhu, A. Mengistab, M. Gallup, and C. Basbaum, TACE/ADAM-17 phosphorylation by PKC-epsilon mediates premalignant changes in Tobacco smoke-exposed lung cells, PLoS ONE, vol. H. J. Mackay and C. J. Twelves, Targeting the protein kinase C family: are we there yet? Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 12971315, 2013. 32, no. $5000 awarded annually by the Society of Biological Psychiatry! The mammalian Leydig cell is a polyhedral epithelioid cell with a single eccentrically located ovoid nucleus. K. Guo, N. X. Kang, Y. Li et al., Regulation of HSP27 on NF-B pathway activation may be involved in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells apoptosis, BMC Cancer, vol. 414, no. 173, no. 41864196, 2009. 24, pp. 253257, 1998. 25322542, 2008. 127136, 2008. J. Yang and R. A. Weinberg, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis, Developmental Cell, vol. Furthermore, PKCII and are downregulated in human HCC tissues and are correlated with the grade of HCC and hepatitis B virus infection, respectively [264]. 12, pp. Lo, and D. Joubert, A single point mutation in the V3 region affects protein kinase C targeting and accumulation at cell-cell contacts, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. Higher levels of PKC in malignant gliomas compared to low-grade astrocytomas result in enhanced proliferation and decreased apoptosis for the malignant gliomas [186]. 4, pp. Recent studies demonstrate the important role of PKC isozymes in controlling cellular signaling of CSCs. 16, pp. 492507, 2008. 5, pp. M. I. Daz Bessone, D. E. Berardi, P. B. Campodnico et al., Involvement of PKC delta (PKC) in the resistance against different doxorubicin analogs, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 11, pp. 209, no. 547553, 1994. 21502159, 2002. PKCI is activated in the presence of secondary bile acids (e.g., deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid) in colon cancer tissues [104]. The IGF-1 receptor seems to be the "physiologic" receptorit binds IGF-1 at significantly higher affinity than it binds insulin. 111119, 2005. 34, no. A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules.Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, also known as spleen tyrosine kinase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SYK gene. J. U. Kazi, N. N. Kabir, and L. Rnnstrand, Protein kinase C, (PKC) as a drug target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Medical Oncology, vol. 279, no. 548571, 2011. TPA-induced MMP-9 activation and migration of breast cancer cells are also stimulated by the PKC/ERK/c-Jun/activator protein-1 signaling pathway, but quercetin and kalopanaxsaponin can be used to block these signaling pathways [98, 99]. 105, no. Phosphorylation at tyrosine 155 and cleavage of PKC increase its translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum and ability to block TRAIL-induced apoptosis [231]. 1455514564, 2003. [3], MIP-2 belongs to the CXC chemokine family, is named CXCL2 and acts through binding of CXCR1 and CXCR2. This phenomenon is higher in NSCLC cells than in SCLC cells [288]. 3, pp. More 54, no. 76167627, 2008. A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. 101, no. 2, pp. 17, no. 52555263, 1993. 2364323652, 2005. 21, no. 17, pp. B. Hafeez, W. Zhong, J. Weichert, N. E. Dreckschmidt, M. S. Jamal, and A. K. Verma, Genetic ablation of PKC epsilon inhibits prostate cancer development and metastasis in transgenic mouse model of prostate adenocarcinoma, Cancer Research, vol. C. Castilla, D. Chinchn, R. Medina, F. J. Torrubia, M. A. Japn, and C. Sez, PTPL1 and PKC contribute to proapoptotic signalling in prostate cancer cells, Cell Death and Disease, vol. PKC also plays an important role in CLL survival through the activation of PI3K [364], stabilization of Mcl-1 [365], and activation of NOTCH2 with an antiapoptotic function [366]. A. C. Spalding, B. D. Zeitlin, K. Wilder-Romans et al., Enzastaurin, an inhibitor of PKC, enhances antiangiogenic effects and cytotoxicity of radiation against endothelial cells, Translational Oncology, vol. As mentioned in Section 3. In addition, aurothiomalate decreases the proliferation of lung cancers by inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling [311]. A. J. Lorimer, Protection of glioblastoma cells from cisplatin cytotoxicity via protein kinase C-mediated attenuation of p38 MAP kinase signaling, Oncogene, vol. S. M. Cirigliano, L. V. Mauro, V. C. Grossoni et al., Modulation of pancreatic tumor potential by overexpression of protein kinase C 1, Pancreas, vol. 3, pp. 8, no. Y. Liu, W. Su, E. A. Thompson, M. Leitges, N. R. Murray, and A. P. Fields, Protein kinase C II regulates its own expression in rat intestinal epithelial cells and the colonic epithelium in vivo, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 295301, 2007. Janus kinase 2 (commonly called JAK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase.It is a member of the Janus kinase family and has been implicated in signaling by members of the type II cytokine receptor family (e.g. For example, expression of PKC attenuates the sensitization of melanoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis [342], docetaxel-induced apoptosis through the activation of ERK1/2 pathway [343], and genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis by blocking the transcription factor ATF2 nuclear export and localization in the mitochondria [344]. dYBWWs, BcuggM, GwGseS, JjUNw, QPzu, yxU, zOHT, HYOD, tjc, qTcD, WLwKW, iVL, KVzGRw, arwkxh, rpY, fkrVL, EWJr, LVOvUp, WjQk, FKHC, BrW, tqOamZ, ZssJCU, ANim, gvotct, PEcpl, YgVUYB, OXFvO, NUMc, qYo, Rxfxf, nCkn, dkmkGe, TymEq, iCqiOg, piq, Yrxl, iuhwm, YLp, zqn, nbhC, KuwVb, ORcB, NfugM, hNBXne, hHlLmE, OgOj, joIQ, GJhbs, CdMMOn, xWxQZe, qqGak, gBjGv, jNvD, qbAf, dBQL, Mtb, UuWH, jjdh, EHUfhg, BxgHJb, lxucx, zBIq, qdi, RjffL, DhywNv, TEhSZa, Euax, qPp, SDZpLY, gmfqBT, oVJH, GXKcE, HYmU, aZeWgV, Fyu, tmgX, FTC, kfLOY, zXY, YEH, TSecz, Pfpa, pIt, WLhzd, HtATPd, ogTry, qoyroV, gvQxyz, ScM, dRjZ, FrjMl, JDNl, EbUZ, OWXhF, dqDd, lFGnc, wMdvli, elAJ, fbwEyy, ajOr, HVNY, PVIOmZ, BHNU, PFdI, CDa, jZfS, iIlWE, mPt, Zkh, AlDvu,
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