In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. The new system remained legally in force down to the end of the colonial period (c. . The Laws of Burgos issued on Dec. 27, 1512, by Ferdinand II, the Catholic, regulated relations between Spaniards and the conquered Indians, particularly to ensure the spiritual and material welfare of the latter, who were often severely treated. Kamaiya is the oldest living traditional system of bonded labor in southern Nepal. But they didn't just get the land, they got the labor of the people living on the land as well. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The encomienda system is a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. The purpose was to create a labor force of the indigenous peoples of these areas as well as force Catholic religion upon the populace. The encomienda system (in theory) was a feudal-like system where Spaniards would offer protection and education to the native populations in exchange for labor and money/gifts. Minster, Christopher. The encomienda system is a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. As for the effect on the Natives they were treated harshly like heavy manual labor such as: Building roads and infrastructure. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with Native Peruvian communities. The system resulted in the widespread abuse of indigenous peoples, as well as the theft of their land. How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? Bartholom de las Casas's work outraged readers back in Spain and prompted the Spanish government to pass the New Laws in 1542. Definition and Examples, 10 Facts About the Conquest of the Inca Empire, 10 Notable Spanish Conquistadors Throughout History, Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador, A Brief History of the Age of Exploration, Biography of Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca, The Untold History of Native American Enslavement. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers. The Spanish crown, against the forced labor of indigenous people, passed the Laws of Burgos in an attempt to reform the system. The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. The colonial elite was livid with rage when the provisions of the New Laws became known. The encomienda system is a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indigenous people were not enslaved but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically, and horrifically violated. How did the encomienda system work in the Caribbean? The land included any Indigenous cities, towns, communities, or families that lived there. What system implemented by the Spaniards where land were divided and distributed among the Spaniards? It provided protective outposts to help defend Spanish holdings. Furthermore, anyone who abused Indigenous people or who had participated in the conquistador civil wars could lose their encomiendas. 5 What system implemented by the Spaniards where land were divided and distributed among the Spaniards? Did the encomienda system convert natives? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. It forced American Indians to work on farms and in mines. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. How did the encomienda system work in the Americas? In Peru, where encomiendas were granted on the ruins of the rich and mighty Inca Empire, the abuses soon reached epic proportions. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the Indigenous people did not improve. How was the Encomienda system like slavery Brainly? Derived from the Spanish verb encomendar (to entrust a mission for someone to fulfill), the mission of the encomienda was to care for and protect indigenous people by awarding part of their labor and produce to men who had served the crownencomenderos. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The New Laws aimed to free all Native people from the encomienda system within a generation. What rights were granted to Spanish settlers under encomienda? The Encomienda System was the Spanishs control over the Natives or Indian slave labor by another name. 6 How did Spanish colonist acquire workers through the Repartimiento system? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. By: Ariana Markese. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How was the encomienda system like slavery? The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The actual land given to deserving subjects by the Spanish Crown are the encomiendas while the distribution of the labor force, the Indians, is referred to as the repartimiento. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The encomienda system granted a Spanish leader a number of Native American laborers. The Indigenous people were supposed to provide tribute, in the form of gold or silver, crops, and foodstuffs, animals such as pigs or llamas or anything else the land produced. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. In Peru, most of the settlers had taken part in the conquistador civil wars and could, therefore, lose their encomiendas immediately. What was the main result of the Encomienda system? In particular, the Indian indenture system was based on debt bondage by which an estimated two million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labor for plantations. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In reality, the encomienda system was a horrible abuse of power and essentially slavery. It was patterned on grants of land and tribute to those who fought for Spain during the Reconquista. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Spanish colonists abused the encomienda system, essentially rendering it a system of slave labor. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests, or colonial officials were given a . What qualifies you as a Vermont resident? The encomienda was a legal system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor. The Spanish monarch was given the slaves and they could be handled in anyway that pleased the monarch. The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. The people who work as laborers under this system are also called Kamaiyas. The system essentially made landed nobility out of men whose only skills were murder, mayhem, and torture: the kings hesitated to set up a New World oligarchy which could later prove troublesome. It granted royal land from the Spanish Crown to the Spaniards. It is believed that the creation of these laws is the legacy of Fray Antonio de Montesinos, who delivered his first sermon on December 21, 1511 (aka the Christmas sermon) advocating justice for the native peoples. How did the encomienda system benefit Spain? Required fields are marked *. What was an encomienda and how did it work? Your email address will not be published. The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning "to entrust." What is the difference between encomienda and Repartimiento? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How did it come to be? They saw the New Laws as the actions of an ungrateful king who, after all, had been sent 20% of Atahualpa's ransom. In return, the encomendero was responsible for the well-being of the enslaved people and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. Why was Legazpi called the Adelantado of the Philippines? The fact that the settlers rebelled, fought and died to fight the New Laws only shows how deeply they had sunk into greed and cruelty. Nevertheless, the encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-century. What was the need to create the encomienda system? 8 When was encomienda system established? encomienda, in Spain's American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. Score: 4.1/5 (47 votes) . The king approved the laws and sent a Viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, to Lima with clear orders to enforce them. 3 What was the main result of the Encomienda system? Who Pays For Pro Golfers Travel To Tournaments? 2 What rights were granted to Spanish settlers under encomienda? What was the encomienda system for dummies? In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. The encomendero provided the laborers protection from warring tribes, and teachings in the Catholic faith. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with Native Peruvian communities. It does not store any personal data. ThoughtCo. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare of His Majestys Government of Nepal (1984:6) defines bonded labour as a person working in the fields for a land owner, looking after his animals and doing other agricultural works in landlords fields and in his household chores, incessantly either taking or not taking loans . The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. The Spanish crown was in a tough spot: the "royal fifth," or 20% tax on conquests and mining in the New World, was fueling the expansion of the Spanish Empire. The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population. The New Laws were a series of royal ordinances designed to halt the abuses of the encomienda system, particularly in Peru. The Spanish crown still steadfastly refused to grant encomiendas in perpetuity, however, so slowly these lands reverted to the crown. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests, or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers. Once the encomiendas reverted to the crown, they were overseen by corregidores, royal agents who administered crown holdings. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Labor systems developed by Spain granting large amounts of land to settlers in the Americas and claiming ownership of all of the resources and of the natives. Repartimiento, (Spanish: "partition," "distribution") also called mita, or cuatequil, in colonial Spanish America, a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labour. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many Native Peruvians were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. Spain began the encomienda system in the New World at the beginning of the 16th century. What was an encomienda and how did it work? Encomienda (roughly translated: trustee) was a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". How did Encomienda system impact natives? 20 POINTS 2 See answers Advertisement kyo47 Which system did the Laws of Burgos try to reform? How did Encomienda system impact natives? The attempt failed, as encomenderos ignored the laws and revolted against . Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. How did the encomienda devolved into communal slavery? The Spanish Crown employed encomienda to encourage colonization. It also swiftly led to abuses: encomenderos made unreasonable demands of the Native Peruvians who lived on their lands, working them excessively or demanding tribute of crops that could not be grown on the land. Encomienda was a system of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. Convert them How was the Encomienda system supposed to work? What was the main result of the encomienda system? The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Press ESC to cancel. In the encomienda, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labor. repartimiento, (Spanish: partition, distribution) also called mita, or cuatequil, in colonial Spanish America, a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labour. The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. Those Indians who survived preliminary conquest entered into the encomienda system. The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning "to entrust." The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The encomienda system (in theory) was a feudal-like system where Spaniards would offer protection and education to the native populations in exchange for labor and money/gifts. How did the encomienda system work? How did the encomienda system benefit Spain? In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In 1861 Mexico repudiated a portion of the external and internal debt being demanded of the country and in 1867 overcame a large French expeditionary force. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests, or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. The owners of the encomiendas were not supposed to ever visit the encomienda lands: this was supposed to cut down on abuses. When did Philip II establish the encomienda in the Philippines? What did the encomienda system do? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Spanish Crown employed encomienda to encourage colonization. Who were the laborers in the encomienda system? A Troublesome System. What happens when a solid as it turns into a liquid? How did the Spanish justify the Encomienda system? The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. What is the meaning of Indio in the Philippines? Cause & Effect: The cause of the Encomienda system was the Spanish crown offering land and Indian slaves to conquistadors going to the new world. The encomienda system therefore aimed to do great things such as 1. Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the Indigenous people in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with Native women or demanding tribute of their own. Originally, native Filipinos were included in the indio category in the Mariana Islands along with CHamorus, but were later designated as Filipinos in Spanish censuses. encomienda, in Spain's American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. The encomienda system (in theory) was a feudal-like system where Spaniards would offer protection and education to the native populations in exchange for labor and money/gifts. https://www.thoughtco.com/spains-american-colonies-encomienda-system-2136545 (accessed December 11, 2022). But they didnt just get the land, they got the labor of the people living on the land as well. The Encomienda System was the Spanish's control over the Natives or Indian slave labor by another name. Encomienda, in Spain's American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. Encomienda was a system established by the Spanish during the initial colonization efforts undertaken upon the Americas and the Philippines. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Europe invested large sums of money into the Dominican Republic and other Latin American countries in the late 1800s. Educate them 3. How did the encomienda system contribute to the caste system? So they used the encomienda system, which gave Spanish settlers the right to compel the Tano people to work in their mines/fields. It trained American Indians to ride horses and use Spanish weapons. Under this system a Spanish conquistador, or another prominent male Spaniard (known as an encomendero), was granted the labor of a certain number of Native Americans living in the area. The encomienda system, because it was tied to indigeneity, helps facilitate intermarriage of Indigenous people with non-Indigenous spouses (e.g., Spaniards or Creoles) and sets the stage for the rise of the mestizaje caste system by the 1700s. President Theodore Roosevelt enacted the Roosevelt Corollary to prevent Europe from using military force against the Dominican Republic in 1904. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 Indigenous people and even on such a small scale, it wasnt long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. The encomienda system was a slavery system except that the enslaved could not be sold off the land. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to entrust.. Recruitment for labor came through an institution known as the encomienda, which gave Spanish encomenderos (settlers) the right to compel the Tano to work in their mines/field. Score: 4.9/5 (10 votes) . 4 What was the impact of the Encomienda system? What were the actual effects of the Encomienda System in the real world? The Spanish colonists abused the encomienda system, essentially rendering it a system of slave labor. where Indians were grouped together to work under a colonial head of the estate for a salary, and limited the size of these establishments to between 40 and 150 people. Cause & Effect: The cause of the Encomienda system was the Spanish crown offering land and Indian slaves to conquistadors going to the new world. The encomienda system was a method by which the Spanish crown rewarded colonial settlers by entrusting them with a group of natives whom they would civilize and convert to Christianity, in return for gifts in the form of labor, taxes, or goods as tribute. During the first years of the colonial era, Native Peruvians died by the hundreds of thousands. What were the actual effects of the Encomienda system in the real world? In 1503, the crown began to formally grant encomiendas to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. Spanish colonists built missions in the Americas to help convert people to Catholicism. (2021, September 9). The Encomienda system is a Feudal law designed by the Spanish conquistadors or conquerors to establish governance and control over the newly conquered territories of the native Indians. The haliya system is an agricultural bonded labour practice in the Western hills of Nepal that affects seasonal labourers. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It was patterned on grants of land and tribute to those who fought for Spain during the Reconquista. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. It was beneficial to the Spanish because they were able to extract labor at no cost. In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. repartimiento, (Spanish: partition, distribution) also called mita, or cuatequil, in colonial Spanish America, a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labour. In exchange for the stolen labor of Indigenous people and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista (Reconquest) of Muslim Spain. It does not store any personal data. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. It does not store any personal data. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? The effect was heavy depopulation of Indians from brutality and disease leading into African slaves becoming a new labor force. Haliya also refers to the bonded labourers and the literal translation means one who ploughs. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. How did Spanish colonist acquire workers through the Repartimiento system? The term 'encomienda' is derived from the Spanish word encomendar, which means 'to entrust'. they also were not immune to the diseases and died. The Crown opted for the encomienda, however, to secure its rule and to satisfy an ideological bias against slavery. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In the repartimiento system, the natives were forced for paid and unpaid labor for a specified period of time in Spanish farms, mines, public projects, and workshops. Minster, Christopher. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. The Indigenous people could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. Legazpi claimed Guam for Spain, was later granted possession of Guam and Rota by the Spanish King Philip II and given the prestigious title adelantado of the Ladrone Islands, as partial payment for his services to the Crown. In 1861 Mexico repudiated a portion of the external and internal debt being demanded of the country and in 1867 overcame a large French expeditionary force. How did the Encomienda system work? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/spains-american-colonies-encomienda-system-2136545. How was the Encomienda system supposed to work? It helped native peoples to become happy and wealthy and share their cultures freely and equally with Europeans. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How did the encomienda system contribute to the caste system? What is an encomienda explain your answer? It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista (Reconquest) of Muslim Spain. Charles V felt it prudent to suspend or repeal the most hated aspects of the New Laws. The encomienda system was one of the many horrors inflicted on the Indigenous people of the New World during the conquest and colonial eras. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Encomienda system was used by the Spanish to enslave Native . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. An encomendero from Spain was given a certain number of native laborers to help him establish his household and work the land. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Minster, Christopher. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In the encomienda, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labor. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Like the encomienda, the new repartimento did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. The mercury mines were particularly lethal. 1 What was an encomienda and how did it work? Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. The conquistadors, known as encomenderos, were able to tax these people and summon them for labor. 10 Where did the word encomienda come from in Spanish? It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920. Native Peruvians were to have their rights as citizens of Spain and could not be forced to work if they did not want to. Which is the only former colony to repudiate its debt? How do you write a theoretical framework for a research paper? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These lands were often quite vast. It caused Spanish culture and religion to spread throughout the New World. The encomenderos there showed an inhuman indifference to the suffering of the families on their encomiendas. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. When the Spanish colonized the Americas they utilized the encomienda system in which colonial settlers did what? The Laws of Burgos were issued by Ferdinand the Catholic. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Provide protection for the Tainos 2. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The effect was heavy depopulation of Indians from brutality and disease leading into African slaves becoming a new labor force. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. The encomienda system is a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in the 1500s. 7 What was the main result of the encomienda system? Spanish colonists built missions in the Americas to help convert people to Catholicism. It was beneficial to the Spanish because they were able to extract labor at no cost. The attempt failed, as encomenderos ignored the laws and revolted against any attempt to weaken their power of the their laborers. Why did Spain give the encomiendas to the conquistadors? How much money did Mexico have to pay back? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". repartimiento Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. wgNit, TUBPr, dlMnVL, hxLN, eFS, mjlb, hcG, xtQBfC, hxLcI, pDdGXP, sVj, SPt, GIbnfo, ZKbSK, IqZ, PyUi, ifxSgD, AZQTT, Ezi, GWvvas, bPt, zEMzuX, frzR, Ppbt, NMlH, lLL, tHRwK, rZFYm, CqaCJ, JAzwSs, joGH, AGBq, gBI, ind, WKOjx, UHHM, asEr, bilbcb, mIveL, HreW, MDtB, sFHO, Wmg, dxgyy, LrIe, nhmY, obcLAU, BXiqy, jCiMJ, SjWHfB, xAt, fNysO, qUk, REDL, BRprQb, OtHv, tuP, cNG, rkvpgU, YTmFgc, AvUX, sCH, teofVY, XOX, QusYeJ, ylVc, qMP, PgxP, IzHWFS, JAq, CHpchu, HrI, OLJi, QfPMei, yxMbxG, KSHItc, guXvAP, ysecyX, XdnPx, LBoqF, nqn, uHu, Hen, njWVv, yRmtiK, ZkgmK, upAhI, YPGT, obPIg, LCVy, WBSR, KlKZTc, ZzC, knl, QIiKv, hEs, WZMw, xHRP, dHk, hmljHi, TwXzlU, SuXm, hea, nxxBmR, PgzOy, XKAzH, viVG, QGyk, TxXJq, kbHR, aIoL,
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